Mienzaniso yehupfumi hwakakanganiswa: America, Japanese, German uye Chinese

Nyika imwe neimwe iri kuvaka sarudzo yehupfumi hwenyika. Vane hurumende vari kuedza kuita kuti hupfumi hukwikwidzane, kuzadzisa hutano hwemagariro kuvanhu. Kune mienzaniso yemusika, uwandu hwehupfumi, kunewo zvakare zvakakwana murairo-maitiro ekutonga kwehupfumi hwehurumende mumatongerwo emari. Ndezvipi zviratidzo zveumwe neumwe wavo? Zvakasiyana zvakadini nheyo dzekuvaka kwezvemari munyika dzekuMadokero?

Ndezvipi zviratidzo zvehupfumi

Izvo hupfumi hwenyika dzese huchishanda pasi pemhando dzakasiyana. Zvirongwa zvinogadzirisa zvinhu zveumwe nomumwe wavo zvakanyanya. Munzvimbo yemazuva ano yesayenzi, mbiri dzinozivikanwa: huwandu hunonyanya huri hwehupfumi huripo hurikusimudzira hupfumi, uye nzira dzekugadzirisa masangano ebhizimisi. Kubva pazvirevo zviviri izvi, mapoka akawanda ehupfumi akasiyana. Tinovanyorera.

1. Mienzaniso yehutungamiri wehupfumi

Inozivikanwa nehukuru hwemamiriro ehurumende hwehudzi hwehupfumi huripo. Izvo zvinhu zvezvematongerwo enyika zvinotungamirirwa nehutungamiri-murairo mirairo yakabudiswa nehurumende. Nzira dzinokosha dzinosarudza kuti chii chingazogadzirwa, nzira yekuparadzira uye kuburikidza nemasheni ekutsinhanisa, uite nyika. Raira hupfumi hwakaonekwa seU.SR. Pakati pemarudzi akange akadaro muenzaniso wakadaro, maererano nedzimwe nyanzvi, North Korea.

2. Maenzaniso emakambani emari

Inozivikanwa nekuti iyo midziyo inowanzoimirirwa nepfuma yega, pane rusununguko rwekutengesa. Hurumende haina kukanganisa hutungamiri hwehupfumi uye haubatanidzi mubasa rekugoverwa kwemhando ipi zvayo.

3. Mienzaniso yehupfumi hwakakanganiswa

Vanotsvakurudza vanocherechedza kuti mumusika kana kuti mitambo yemuenzaniso muhupenyu hwavo hwemazuva ano hazviwanzoitiki. Imwe nzira kana imwe, hurumende inovhiringidza mune zvebhizimisi munharaunda ipi neipi nyika, iyo inokurudzira kushingaira kwemashamba ehurumende. Pano, kunyange kuNorth Korea kune nzvimbo kunyange isina mvumo, asi ichiri nezviratidzo zvemabhizimusi ega.

Mienzaniso yehupfumi hwakasanganiswa nhasi, maererano neyanyanzvi - inowanikwa munyika yose. Mubvunzo chete ndeyekuti mukuru uye chii icho chinzvimbo chehurumende muhurongwa hwehupfumi hweimwe nyika. Uyezve, mune dzimwe nhamba, kukosha kwehurumende yezvematongerwe enyika haisi iyo yakawanda iyo hurumende inopindira mune zvebhizimisi.

Chii chinonzi kuvhengana kwehupfumi?

Tisati tadzidza mararamiro ehutano hwakakanganiswa munyika dzakasiyana, tichadzidza maitiro ehuwandu hwemhando dzehupfumi. Chikonzero chikuru apa ndechekuti mabasa ehurumende uye ega ega ari akakosha zvakaenzana. Mukuwedzera, zvose zviri muhutano zviripo zvakaenzana. Zvisinei, nzira huru dzezvemari dzichiri kugadziriswa nemusika. Nyika inovatsigira nekugadzirisa mitemo yekutonga.

Chii chinoita kuti hurumende inopindira mune zvinoitika pamusika? Wadii kurega bhizinesi richienda kushambira kusununguka? Dzimwe nyanzvi dzezvemari dzinotsanangura izvi kuburikidza nechokwadi chokuti mumusika wakachena pane ngozi yokuti chikamu chakanyanya chevagari vemo chichagara chisina kudzivirirwa mune zvekugara, havazokwanisi kuwana basa. Uye izvi hazvisi zvekubatsira mabhizinesi emabhizimisi ega, mazhinji ayo anoda vatengi vakasarudzwa. Zvinenge zviri nani kana mumwe munhu achivapa mari (ngaive mabhizinesi ehurumende), uye mushamba wekutengesa panguva imwechete unowedzera. Iko kune shanduro iyo yeRussia muenzaniso wehupfumi hwakakanganisika inoshanda nenzira imwecheteyo. Mairi, hurumende, kupa mamiriyoni evanhu munharaunda yebhajeti, iyo isina zvishoma kufanana nekushambadzirana uye mushamba wekusununguka, inokurudzira simba razvo rekutenga, iro iro, rinoshandisa mabhizimisi "akachena," zvakadai sekutengesa, zvokudya zvinokurumidza , Automobile retail.

Imwe maonero pamusoro pebasa rehurumende mune hupfumi hwakakanganiswa inobva pane dambudziko rekutengesa mari. Ichokwadi ndechokuti mumusika muhupenyu hwakachena hunofungidzira. Vazhinji varo varo vanokwanisa kutaurirana nehuwandu hwematongerwo enyika maererano nekuwedzera kwekutengesa mitengo, uye kana vachiratidza matanho akadaro, saka, sekutonga, kuitira kuti vatsanane nevaswikwi, sechikonzero chekuwedzera kwechikwereti kunowedzera (semuenzaniso, muRussia mumavambo ekuma 1990 , Uye mune dzimwe nyika dzakawanda dzechimbo chekutanga chechigunisi). Somugumisiro, hupfumi hunoiswa mudambudziko. Hurumende, kuburikidza nekupindira kwakanaka mumatambudziko emusika, inogona kutonga mararamiro emitengo, iyo inogona kuita kuti kuderedzwa kwekutengesa kwenyika kuwedzere.

Nheyo dzepamusoro dzehupfumi hwakasanganiswa

Chimbofunga kuti ndeiyi mienzaniso yakawanda yehupfumi hwakakanganiswa, zvichienderana nehupenyu hwavo hwekukosha. Nyanzvi dzinoona zvinotevera.

1. Neo-static model

Chinonyanya kukosha ndechokuti nyika ishandise makambani makuru, pamwe chete nemigumisiro pamusika kuitira kuti unyanzvi hwevatambi mumwe nomumwe hunenge hwakafanana. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, maitiro antimonopoly anowanikwa mune zvematongerwe enyika.

2. Muenzaniso wekushandiswa kwemhepo

Iyo inoratidzirwa nekupindira kwehurumende kuduku mumatongerwo emusika pane pasi pechiitiko che-neo-chekuita. Vane masimba vari kuedza kukurudzira hutano hwekushanda kwehupfumi, asi kwete kukwikwidzana kwaro pachako. Panguva imwecheteyo, antimonopoly chikamu chinogonawo kushandiswa kudzivirira rusununguko rusununguko.

3. Muenzaniso wekuita zvakananga

Inowanikwa pamutemo wekuwana kusawirirana pakati pezvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupfumi hwematongerwo enyika - mabhizinesi, hurumende, hurumende (inowanzomiririrwa nehurumende dzehurumende). Inofanirwa nemitero yakakwirira (inowanzokwirira kudarika munyika umo iyooo-liberal muenzaniso inoshandiswa), inowanzorongwa maererano nekuwedzera. Icho chinangwa chikuru chezviremera ndechokuti uwane zvigaro zvekuchengetedza kuenzana kwehuwandu hwehukama hwevanhu.

Iyi ndiyo mitambo yakawanda zvikuru yehutano hwakakanganiswa. Pasina mubvunzo, kusvika kune imwe nzira yepanyama yematongerwe enyika inotarisirwa, zvinhu zvinokosha mune izvi kana kuti iyo nyika zvinogona kuchinja. Maitiro eZimbabwe ehutano hwakakanganiswa, maererano nevekwanisi, anowanzochinja, achienderana nehutano hwezvematongerwo enyika, zvekugadzirwa kwekambanikiti, nekubudirira kwemashamba matsva.

Zvikamu zvehupfumi hwakavhengana

Ndeipi nzira dzehupfumi hwakakanganisika dzinoshanda mukuita? Iko basa rei hurongwa hwezvematongerwe enyika yenyika dzavanoshandiswa? Nyanzvi, dzichifunga nezvekuti nyika dzenyika dzakasiyana-siyana dzehupfumi hwakasiyana munyika dzakasiyana dzinogona kuva dzakasikwa, dzinoratidza kuti pane zvingave zvichiri kuitika kune zviratidzo zvehurongwa hwehupfumi hwemhando iyi. Nzira dzepasi rose dzehupfumi hwakasiyana-siyana hwekusiyana kwenyika ndezotevera.

1. Zvizhinji zvekugadzirwa kwemabhizimisi zvinokonzerwa nemakambani makuru, ayo, asi, anokwikwidzana. Nokudaro, mari yehupfumi, kune rumwe rutivi, hairi kupararira, kune imwe - hapana mumwe munhu ane hurumende, hapana mutengesi wemusika uyo angaita mitemo yevose. Mhando yehudzi hwemabhizimisi akadaro hahukoshi hunokosha - kunyange kana isiri yehurumende, zvino mabhizimisi akaita nenzira imwechete kune vane hurumende nekuda kwezvavanosungirwa kubhadhara mitero kana zvipo kune zvikwereti zvepenjeni.

2. Mitemo inonyanya kutarisana nevanhu. Semuenzaniso, mushandi wekufekitari, sekutonga, haagoni kuregererwa kana kuderedza mari yake kana achienzanisa neyo yakatemerwa mukonesheni. Nokudaro, mutemo unosimudzira kugadziriswa kwesimba rekutenga revanhu .

3. Kubwinya kwepamusoro uye kuchengeteka kwemitemo yekubhadhara, pamwe chete neaya anochengetedza kuchengetedzwa kwezvibvumirano (kazhinji inotungamirirwa nematongerwe enyika). Mamiriro ezvinhu munyaya iyi anotora chikamu chezvisungo zvayo kuti ave nechokwadi chekushanda kwakasimba kwebhizimisi, achida, kunyanya, kubva kumabhangi zvakakwana zvakakwana pakuita zvigadziriswa. Dare rekutonga, zvakare, rinovimbisa rubatsiro kuvashambadziri mukugadzirisa zvinetso zviri mumutemo. Chiratidzo chezvematongerwo enyika uye bhizinesi mararamiro emagariro evanhu: rutivi rwekutanga runopa kudzivirirwa mune nzira dzinoverengeka dzinokosha dzevatengesi, rutivi rwechipiri runoritora kuburikidza nemitero nekubhadhara vanhu.

Izvi ndezvizvi zvitatu zvinoratidza kuti, maererano nenyanzvi, iyo yose mienzaniso yakawanda yehutano hwakasanganiswa inoratidzika, nezvose zvinogona kusiyana pakati pavo maererano nemitemo yekutonga kwehutungamiri hwehupfumi hwenyika.

Ko hupfumi hwakavhenganiswa hwakaonekwa sei?

Chinhu chinonakidza ndechokuti "kufambira mberi", maererano nenyanzvi dzakawanda, mhando yemisika yakabuda mberi kupfuura yakavhenganiswa. Zvakaitika kuti pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 "maranho akachena" muchimiro chekugadzirisa hupfumi pasina hurumende kupinda muhutano kwaisava nehunobudirira sezvo nyaya dzehupfumi hwakatarisira. Misika yacho yakatanga kutongwa nevakuru vakuru. Panguva imwecheteyo, kuedza kutsauka kubva pamuenzaniso uyu uye kudzokera ku "misika yakachena" kwakava, sezvenyanzvi dzakawanda dzinotenda, chikonzero chedambudziko muUnited States mumakore ekuma30. Economists vakaona kuti kushanda zvakanaka kwehupfumi kunofanira kuramba kuchireva basa rinokosha rehurumende. Nokudaro, muenzaniso wakavhenganiswa wekugadzirisa kwehupfumi hwenyika yakaonekwa mumakumi matatu nemakumi matatu. Munguva yemakore ehondo, zvinhu zvinokosha zvehurumende zvaive zvakasiyana zvakasiyana nekuda kwekudiwa kwekupa rubatsiro rwemasimba kune mauto, asi mushure mokuguma kweHondo Yenyika II, mazano ehutano hwakakanganiswa ainyanya kuiswa. Nhasi matongerwo emari mumatunhu aya ndiwo mugumisiro wekutsvaga kwekufambira mberi kwemitemo inopa kuenzanisa pakati pevamwe pachevhesheni nehuruzhinji.

Mixed economy mune USA

Mienzaniso yehupfumi hwakakanganiswa inoshanda munyika dzakasiyana? Ngationei muchidimbu zviitiko zvakakosha pamuenzaniso we simba guru rezvemari. Ngatitange neU.SA. Iko maAmerican muenzaniso wehutano hwakakanganiswa, maererano nenyanzvi dzakawanda, inoratidzirwa nehuwandu hurumende inopindira mune zvehupfumi. Rudzi rwakafanana runotora chikamu chiduku pakuenzanisa nevanze. Izvo-nhepfenyuro yehurumende inotungamirira basa rinotungamira mune zvehupfumi hweUnited States, asi hutungamiri hwayo hunotungamirirwa nemagadzirirwo emagetsi - nekupa mitemo ine chokuita nehuwandu, kusungirwa kwevanhu, kubhadhara mitero nezvimwe zvikwereti. Basa rezviremera muhupfumi hweUnited States rinogona kuonekwa mundima yehurumende yehurumende, kunyanya yekudzivirirwa uye zvesayenzi. Sezvaunoziva, mari yeuto reUnited States inopfuura madhora mabhiriyoni mashanu emadhora.

Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzezvematongerwo enyika dzinofunga kuti maAmerican muenzaniso wehupfumi hwakakanganiswa inotarisirwa kukurudzira basa rezvemabhizimisi ehurumende. Mukuita, izvi zvinogona kuratidzirwa muchidimbu chemaitiro paunotanga bhizinesi. Uyewo, matanho ekutsigirwa kwevanhu kumapoka evanhu vashoma ekuAmerica haasi akaenzana semamwe akawanda munyika dzekuMadokero. Kuberekwa kwebasa uye kubatsirwa zvinokwanisa kupa zvishoma zvido zvinotarisirwa pamatengo aripo muUnited States. Saka, vagari vese vanoda chaizvo kuwana basa kana kuronga bhizinesi ravo pachavo.

Muenzaniso wehupfumi hwakavhengana muGermany

Ndezvipi zvinoratidzira muGerman muenzaniso wehupfumi hwakakanganiswa? Nyanzvi dzinodana chimiro chayo chikuru sezvaichimbove chichiratidzira manzwiro evanhu. Uye izvi zvinosiyanisa maGerman kubva kumaAmerica. Izvo zvinobatsira muGermany zvinopa mararamiro anowanzogara ehupenyu. Vane masimba eFrG vari kuedza kuvaka sarudzo yezvematongerwo enyika kuitira kuti pave nekutengeserana pakati pezvinokosha zvebhizimisi uye sangano. Kune rumwe rutivi, mabhizimisi anofanira kunge akabudirira, anobatsira kuGDP kukura uye kusimbiswa kwehupfumi pamwe chete. Kune rumwe rutivi, rubatsiro rwemagariro evanhu hunofanira kuvimbiswa.

Muenzaniso wekuGermany wehupfumi hwakakanganiswa une zvinhu zvinotevera zvinoratidza.

Kutanga, izvi ndezvekukwikwidza kwakanaka. Nyaya yoga yoga yezvehupfumi, yakabva pamutemo wezviremera zveFederal Republic of Germany, inofanira kuva nemikana yakaenzana yekuwana iyo inyanzvi yezvemabhizimisi.

Chechipiri, mutauro weGermany wehupfumi hwakakanganiswa unoreva kugoverwa kwekuenzanisa kwemari. Izvi zvinogona kuratidzirwa zvose mukukurudzira mabhizinesi kuti aite zvikwereti zvepamusoro zvekutengesa mune zvekubhadhara misha mibairo, uye, somuenzaniso, mukubatanidzwa kwehuwandu hwehurumende mukuenzanisa mararamiro emagariro evanhu, vane basa rakabhadharwa zvisina kufanira. Kunyanya, kuburikidza nekugoverwa kwekugara kweimba, rubatsiro mu inshuwarisi, dzidzo.

Muenzaniso weJapan

Muenzaniso wekuJapan wehupfumi hwakavhengana unonyatsotsanangura. Chokutanga pane zvose, zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti tsika dzenyika dzakasimba mazviri, simba rayo rinogona kutevedzwa munzvimbo dzakawanda dzehupfumi. Izvi ndizvo zvakananga zvehukama pakati pevatungamiri nevanotarisira, uyewo inzvimbo inoramba ichinyorwa yehutano mune zvimwe zvebasa uye chisarudzo chebasa ravanofanira kushanda naro. Chimwe chinhu chinoratidza kuti chiJapan chimiro chehupfumi hwakakanganiswa chinonyanya kutaurwa kupfuura, kuti, muU.S., hurumende inopindira mune zvehupfumi. Izvi zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa mukutsanangurwa kwevakoriketsi makuru ekusimudzirwa kwehupfumi hwenyika, mazano ekubatana nevatambi vemunyika. Basa rinokosha muhupfumi hweJapan runotambidzwa nehutongi hwemagariro evanhu.

Chirevo cheSweden

Chimbofunga kuti chii chinoratidza maSweden muenzaniso wehupfumi hwakakanganiswa. Maererano nedzimwe nyanzvi, muSweden sangano rakagadzirwa riri pedyo nemasikirwo kune zvinowanzoita zvevanhu. Zviyero zvekubhadhara mari uye zvekunyama zvinotsigirwa zvakakwana kumarudzi ose evanhu, pasinei nekuvapo kana kusavapo kwebasa, urefu hwebasa, basa. Pano pane kunyange izwi rokuti "Scandinavian Socialism". Zvechokwadi, mukati mekushanda kwekushanda kwemuenzaniso wakadaro wehupfumi, mutoro mukuru wemitero unoiswa kune bhizinesi.

Mukudzoka, panguva imwe chete, anogamuchira vatengi vane simba rakawedzerwa rekutenga, pamwe nekuchengeteka - mune zvekubhadhara kwebhangi nematare asina kukodzera, izvo zvatakakurukura pamusoro apa, kuisa zvinhu zve "social partnership" pakati pehurumende nebhizimisi. Panguva imwe chete pakati pezve economists kune maonero ekuti chiSweden chimiro chehupfumi hwakakanganiswa chine hukuru hwe "socialist". Zvinowedzera zvakaoma kumabhizimisi akawanda kuita bhizinesi pasi pemamiriro ekutakura mutero mutoro.

Chinese model

Funga kuti hupfumi hwekutengeswa kwenyika yekomunistidzi hunoshanda sei. Izvi zvinokwanisika sei nechokwadi chokuti muUSSR zvinhu zvose zvaive pasi pekutonga kwehurumende? Iko muChinese muenzaniso wehupfumi hwakakanganiswa sei?

The ndechokuti, sezvo 70s, yeutongi Party of China akasarudza kuvhura national upfumi kuti dzimwe vanoita kuti kushandisa kukuru zvibereko zvinogona munyika. Vakanga liberalized mitemo chokuita Panovhurwa mapazi Makambani yokumwe. Asi zvematongerwo enyika, zvisinei, anoramba kuzochinja. Vatorwa zvakabata cheapness dzevanhu zvinhu mu China, uye vachida kuti mari iri upfumi rechiKomonisiti wehurumende, asarudza kuvhura roga kumusika. Somugumisiro, China nhasi - mumwe vaitungamirira masimba maindasitiri. Panguva iyoyowo, nokuti kuti zvematongerwo enyika hachina kuchinja, kuti prc they zviremera anokwanisa kuraira-administrative nzira kushandisa ichi zvekuvaka sezvo vanoona zvakakodzera. Somuenzaniso, kushandisa kuvandudza mararamire vemo, avo kudzivirira zvemagariro. Iyo zvino kunozivikanwa nenyanzvi dzakawanda, hakusi yakakwirira chaizvo.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti China iri zvakanaka dzakabudirira nesangano madiki. Chinese Vazhinji svinudzai kunyange zviduku, asi kwemari urwu nehoro, maresitorendi, zvifambiso Makambani. Zvakaratidza kuti pasi chiKomonisiti muna China pane zvikuru dzakabudirira capitalism.

enzanisa Modèles

Edza "kufungidzira" pamusoro apa muenzaniso mumwe yakavhenganiswa upfumi. Kuenzanisa mitemo yenyika The tafura chingaratidzika chinhu chakadai. Assessment Chokwadi, hama chaizvo, asi muchidimbu zviri pakati upfumi venyika yedu ichava.

Chiratidzo / Country	United States	Germany	Japan	Sweden	China
mumagariro kuchengeteka	yakaderera	yakakwirira	yakakwirira	yakakwirira	yakaderera
mamiriro kupindira	murombo	eresera	yakakwirira	yakakwirira	yakakwirira
mitero	eresera	eresera	yakakwirira	yakakwirira	eresera
pfuma makambani	Advan-kwanisi private	Advan-kwanisi private	Advan-kwanisi private	Advan-kwanisi private	zvikuru mugove ehurumende

Chii mhedziso chatingawana? Pasinei chokwadi kuti zvose nyika idzi - muenzaniso zvakavhenganiswa upfumi, netafura rinoratidza kuti musiyano inogona kurondwa mune dzinoverengeka zvinhu.