Economy yeSwitzerland: hwaro, sarudzo uye zvikamu

I Swiss Economic Economy imwe yenyika yakasimba kwazvo munyika. Nyika iyi muenzaniso wekuti kushingaira, kushanda uye nzira yakakosha yekuvaka muenzaniso wehukama hwezvehupfumi hwakachinja nyika duku kuva pakati pekubhadhara mari. Mukuwedzera pakuve nebasa rakagadzirwa nebhangi, Switzerland inobata nzvimbo dzinotungamira mukugadzira nekushanyirwa, izvo zvinoita kuti zvive nehuwandu hwehupenyu hwayo munharaunda yenyika.

Kubva shure shure kubudirira

Kwenguva yakareba svondo reSwitzerland rakasara kure kune dzimwe nyika dzeEurope. Iyo nguva inopera yegrarian-patriarchal yakakonzera nyika pasi, ichidzivirira nzira yekufambisa. Matanho ekutanga ekubudirira akaitwa muzana remakore rechi16 ne17 muzvikomo, apo mabhizimusi nemaindasitiri akatanga kukura zvakasimba. Kwakanga kune mafekitari ekugadzirwa kwekotoni nemashizha esilika, maziso. Muzana remakore rechina reXIX, kutaridzika kwakagadzirwa, rudzi rutsva rwemitambo rwakatangwa - kukwirira, izvo zvakagamuchirwa munyika yose.

Pasinei nemamiriro ezvinhu akaipa ekurima nekurima, Switzerland yakanyanyisa kugadzirwa kwemakaka. Zvose mapazi matsva emabhizimisi aive akajeka, nyika yakawedzera zvayo zvekutengesa. Panguva imwe chete, bazi rezvitima riri kuwedzera. Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, National Bank yakatangwa. Switzerland inonyanya kuva muteresi mukuru wemari.

Period of stagnation

Mumazuva eHondo Yenyika II uye munzira yayo, nguva dzakaoma dziri kuitikawo kuSwitzerland: hupfumi hwenyika "hwakasimuka". Kuwanda kwekugadzira kwakaderera. Asi mushure me1945 mamiriro ezvinhu akatanga kuvandudza. Zvokutengeserana zvinoda kusvika kaviri. Kuwedzera kwehupfumi kwaive kunokonzerwa nekudhura kwakanyanya kwezvinhu zvemabhizimisi emashure emashure-hondo uye kusava nekukwikwidzana. Muzvizhinji, kuumbwa kwaro muhafu yepiri yezana remakore rechimakumi maviri rakange risina kukwana: maruva aiteverwa nedambudziko, uye zvakasiyana. Kutenda kwezvematongerwe enyika kwehurumende yenyika kwakaita basa guru mukusimudzirwa kwehupfumi: kuchengeta kusarerekera munguva dzehondo yenyika nekukakavadzana, Switzerland yakashandurwa kuva hurumende yakakwirira.

Chimwe chinhu chikuru chakakonzera pasi muSwitzerland munguva yekushure kwehondo yakanga iri mutsauko mukuru mukubatanidzwa kwekurima nekutengeserana mune zvehupfumi hwenyika. Mushure mokunge mutengesi unobatanidza zvimwe kana zvisingatauriki, hurumende yakagadzikana uye yakabudirira.

Zvikamu zvehupfumi hwehupfumi

Kudzoka muna XVI-XVII, chisarudzo chakanaka chakaitwa kutungamirira mabasa enyika. Switzerland ine nharaunda, iyo yakawanda isingakodzeri zvekurima; Izvo hazvina maminera kunze kwekunyama. Mutungamiri ane musoro anonzwisisa kuti zvakakosha kugadzira chimwe chinhu chake kana kuti kukura nokukurumidza izvo zvakatangwa. Saka zvakaitika kuSwitzerland. Izvo zvakakwirira zvezvinhu zvakagadzirwa zvakasvika pakuzivikanwa kune dzose zvese, chikamu chekutengeswa kwakatanga kuwedzera, uye hupfumi - kuti hubudirire. Takawana mari yakakwana kubva mune imwe indasitiri, nyika yakagadzirwa imwe. Saka nheyo huru dzekushanda kwemichina uye yemishonga yakanga yakanyatsogadziriswa. Kwete zvitsva zvitsva zvakavhurwa pano, asi zvinhu zvakawanda zvepasi rose zvakasikwa, zviripo kusvikira nhasi.

Zvinhu zvikuru zvehupfumi muSwitzerland zvakagadzirirwa zvikuru pamusana mano anyanzvi ekushandisa zvakanakisisa zvavanowana. Pasinei nharaunda duku dzekurima nekudyara kwemombe, huri hwekurimisa hwakagadzirwa, chimiro chakanakisisa chakashandiswa mukugadzirwa kwekushanyirwa uye bhizinesi rehotera, nzizi dzakaoma uye kugadzikana kwemakomo zvakagadzira chikonzero chekusimbiswa kwemhepo. Iko kukwanisa kutora zvinhu zvose kubva pazvinhu zvachose-chinonyanya kukosha cheSwitzerland economy, iyo yakashandura nyika yeEurope kubva kumashure kuenda mberi.

Ikozvino hurumende yehurumende

Switzerland mazuva ano ndiyo mwoyo yemari uye mabhengi muEurope yose. Inyika yehupfumi yehupfumi inobva mune zvekutengeserana kwenyika yose uye kune dzimwe nyika kutora mari. Hurumende ine chiedza chakanyatsojeka, chemishonga uye yezvokudya, inyanzvi. Nyika yose inoziva nezvehupamhi hweSwitzerland inotengesa zvinhu - kubva gastronomy kusvika pakuona uye kugadzira zvigadzirwa.

Zvimwe zvehupfumi hwemashamba muSwitzerland, zvisinei nehuwandu hwakasiyana hwakabva kune dzimwe nyika dzeEurope, zviri nyore kuona: hurumende haisi kupindira mumabasa emabhizimisi, mushamba unotarira kune vatengi, kune marudzi akawanda ehudziri. Uku kusimbiswa kwenyika kunosimbisa chete nzira yakarurama yekuvaka hukama hwehupfumi yakashanda. Uyezve, mamiriro ezvinhu akabudirira zvakafanana mukati memunyika uye mune zvekunze.

Ndeipi hwaro hweSwitzerland Economy nhasi? Chokutanga pane zvose, aya mabhanga, ayo akawanda kwazvo pano. Nemapazi evanhu vese 1500, pane imwe sangano. Kunze kwehuwandu, hukuru uye hutano hwebasa. Idzi idzi dzinosungirirwa zvakanyatsorongedzwa, uye zvinenge zvisingakwanisi kuvaziva kunze kwemapato. Kubudirira kwekune dzimwe nyika kunowedzera kusimbisa mamiriro emari enyika uye kunounza zvikomborero zvikuru.

Sangano rebazi reSwitzerland economy

Iyi ndeimwe yenyika dzakasimudzika dzine mararamiro ehupenyu hwepamusoro uye zvisingabatsiri basa. Kutenda kumutemo wekusapindira mune zvematongerwo enyika, nyika yakasangana nekusisina kurasikirwa kuburikidza nehondo dzenyika. Nhasi, Switzerland iri kubudirira mukudhura kwezvikamu zvakagadzirwa zvehupfumi, yakatangwa muzana remakore rapfuura. Zvinosanganisira:

• Kugadzirwa kwemichina, maziso;
• Makambani emwenje uye makambani emishonga;
• Zvekurima;
• Basa rebhangi;
• Tourism.

Kuenzaniswa nedzimwe nyika dzakabudirira, nhamba yemasangano ezvekushandura munyika kuSwitzerland yakakura. Mabasa avo anonyanya kuchinja mamiriro ehupfumi enyika. Hurumende yakakurumbira nokuda kwechikwereti chayo chakanyatsogadziriswa uye mari yehurumende, kupera kwepasi nekushaiwa basa.

Industrial sector

Nheyo dzeSwitzerland economy ndeyemabhizimusi, ndeyekubudirira kwayo kuti munguva yezana remakore rechi19 nyika yakatanga kubudirira. Kubvira muzana remakore rechi18, nyika yakasvika pakuzivikanwa sevecheki. Zvave kubudirira kubudirira mune iyi indasitiri uye kugadzirisa kutengeswa, yakatanga kukudziridza chiedza uye chiedza chezvokudya. Zvigadzirwa zvaive zvakakosha pakati pevashandi, asi mushure meHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, kusimbiswa kwakaiswa pa metallurgy uye makemikari nemishonga yemishonga.

Nhasi, iyo inoshandiswa muindasitiri inosanganisira vazhinji vezvinoshandiswa kumabhizimisi uye zvinetso zvepasi rose. Zvizhinji zvezvinhu zvakapedzwa zvinotengeswa. Switzerland yakagadzika pachedu sekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakanaka uye zvinogara kwenguva refu. Inonyanya kukosha yekambani yenyika ndeyi:

• Mechanical engineering - chigadzirwa chemhando ye polygraphy, kubvisa looms, unyanzvi hwemagetsi hunogadzirwa. Inenge 40% yezvigadzirwa zvebhizimisi iyi zvinotengeswa kunze.
• Kurindira ndicho chinhu chinoshamisa cheSwitzerland, inenge zvose zvese zvakagadzirwa zvinotumirwa kune dzimwe nyika kutengesa. Ivo vanozivikanwa munyika yose uye vanofananidza nekubudirira uye kunaka.
• Mishonga yemishoni - unogona kuwana mushonga wemishonga unobva kuSwitzerland mune pharmacy inenge nyika dzose.
• Zvigadzirwa zvekudya - vashoma vanhu vakanzwa nezveSwitzerland chese kana chokoti. Pano nhoroondo yakakurumbira Nestle yakatangwa.

Zvinhu zveSwitzerland economy zvakaderedzwa kusvika pakupararira kukuru kwemaindasitiri uye zvekurima zvekurima. Ivhareji yenhamba yenhamba yematunhu yakatevedzerwa zvikuru pamunyika yechipiri. Pano iwe unogona kuona mufananidzo wakatarisa.

Ukama hwezvemari mune dzimwe nyika

Kutengeserana kune dzimwe nyika inzira yakagadziriswa yenyika, kuunza kwairi pfuma yakawanda nekuzivikanwa kwenyika. Inyika yeSwitzerland inotarirwa, kunyanya, pamusoro pekuwanda kwezvinhu zvekutengeswa kwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa, mishonga uye zvigadzirwa zvekudya. Vose vanobatana navo ndeyeUnited States, EU nyika, China, Japan.

Chikamu chekutengeswa kweSwitzerland chiri chikamu chehafu yeGDP, iyo, zvechokwadi, inhu hunhu hwehupfumi hwehurumende. Nyika iyi inobatanidzwa muWTO, inobatanidzwa mukusununguka kwekutengeserana kwenyika. Zvisinei, misika yemuSwitzerland inogara ichivharwa: dzimwe nguva vagari vomunyika vanomanikidzwa kuenda kunotenga kune dzimwe nyika.

Zvekurima

Pasinei nokuti chikamu chimwe chetatu chenharaunda yese yeSwitzerland hachina kukodzera kurima, uye imwe yechina inotambirwa nemasango, nyika inozvipa nyama nemishonga yehuchi, uyewo gorosi. Ichi chikafu chinokonzerwa mune zvakawanda. Kunyange zvakadaro, inenge makumi mana kubva ku40% inofanira kutengeswa.

Pfuma yeSwitzerland inotarisirwa kushandisa masimba ayo akasimba. Kunyange mumamiriro ezvinhu asina kunaka nekuda kwekurima kwekurima, kubudirira kwave kuchibudirira mukugadzirwa kwemakaka nekurima kwemhuka. Swiss cheeses yakave imwe yezvakakurumbira uye zvinonaka munyika. Izvo zviyo zvekurima michero ndeyeeetet, mbatata uye gorosi. Zvekurima zvinowanzoonekwa mumakantonji eZurich, Fribourg, Argau, Waugh, Bern, iyo inotsanangurwa nenzvimbo yavo.

Simba uye Mineral Resources

Nzvimbo ine makomo yakasanganiswa nemitozi ine dutu yakaita kuti nyika iine hydropower, iyo inofanirwa nehafu yenguva dzose dzakagadzirwa. Kwenguva yakareba, mashizha mashanu emagetsi enyukireya akashanda uye mapurojekiti akaverengwa imwe 10. Pashure pechipatara muFukushima, hurumende yakavandudza maonero ayo pamusoro pekushandiswa kwemagetsi enyukireya. Imwe nzira yakagadzirwa, iyo inotora kukanganisa kwakakwana kwezvinhu zvenyukireya kusvika muna 2050. Zvisinei, mamwe mapurisa ezvematongerwe enyika muna 2016 anopesana nokuregererwa kwakakwana kwezvinhu zvekugadzira zvombo zvenyukireya, sezvo pasina imwe nzira yakawanikwa, uye simba renyukireya rinopa inenge hafu yemagetsi enyika inoda. Inonzi zvakare muSwitzerland kuti magetsi enyukireya ndiyo yakatendeseka uye yakasimba.

Kubudirira kwe hydropower ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa kwekushandisa kwemaminerari, ayo munyika iyo zvisiri izvo zvisiripo. Oiri negasi zvinofanira kutengeswa kubva kune imwe nyika. Kushandisa zvinonzwisisika kwezvinhu zvakasikwa, munzvimbo ino ine makomo, zvakanaka zvinokanganisa hupfumi hwehurumende. Pamusana pekuti mamwe maitiro emasimba ekugadzira simba haana kuwanika, nyaya yekuregererwa kwemiti yemagetsi enyukiresi haigadziriswi.

Mabasa ebhengi

Chimiro cheSwitzerland Economy hachina kungogadzirwa chete uye zvekurima. Chiitiko chekune imwe nyika chikuru ndeimwe yenzira dzakakosha dzekusimbiswa kwehurumende. Mabhangi eSwitzerland anoonekwa seanovimbisa uye akavimbika. Munyika ino chete mutyairi haakwanisi kunetseka pamusoro pekuchengeteka uye kuchengetedzwa kwemari yake. Zvose zvinoshandiswa nemari zvinowanikwa uchishandisa kadhi yakakosha. Hapana munhu ane kodzero yekuziva kuti ndiani anoshandisa weSwitzerland bank. Basa rinokosha rinogona kuda kupiwa kwemashoko chete kana zvakasimbiswa kuti mhosva yemhosva yakaitwa.

Kusapindira kwekusagadzikana kweSwitzerland kunokwezva vatengesi kubva kumativi ose enyika. Kunyange mumazuva eHondo Yenyika yekutanga uye yeChipiri, vamiririri vezvematongerwo enyika vachisarudza "kuvanza" ropa ravo chaizvoizvo muSwitzerland mabhangi. Kuenderera mberi kwekutsvaga kwekuita zvakanaka kunobata hupfumi hweSwitzerland. Mari yacho inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemabhizimisi, mabhizimisi maduku kana sezvikwereti kune dzimwe nyika. MuZurich, kune nhamba yenyika yekutengeserana kwekutengeserana kwegoridhe. Iyo hupenyu hwepasi rose hunoenderana nedzidzo iri kuiswa.

Traffic junction

Kukurukurirana zvakanyanya kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika kunogona kuzvirumbidza neSwitzerland. Upfumi hwenyika, hunofanirwa nehuwandu hwezvokutengeserana, hunoda nzira yakanaka yekutarisana. Motokari dzenyika duku ndeimwe yepamusoro muEurope. Vanenge vose vavo vanoshandiswa.

Switzerland inosvika kune imwe nzira yekufambisa kugungwa - rwizi Rhinini munharaunda yeBasel - Rheinfelden. Kureba kwesaiti yacho makiromita makumi maviri nemashanu. Rwizi rwizi rwakavakwa pano nekuda kwekutumirwa kwezvinhu zvekugadzira kune dzimwe nyika.

Tourism and Hospitality

Zvinopfuura makumi manomwe kubva muzana zvevashandi vezera reSwitzerland vanoshandiswa mubato rebasa. Yaiva pano iyo bhizinesi rehotera rakazvarwa. Tourism inounza mari yakanaka: gore negore kutarisa kuAlps kunouya vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni gumi, vachisiya nyika yakawanda. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti pamusorosoro hwebasa uye chirongwa chemamiriro asina kufanira, vashanyi vasingazvidembi kuripa zvose zvigwaro.

Iko Swiss economy uye maitiro ayo ekushanda zvakaderedzwa kusvika pamatambudziko akakwirira pane zvinhu zvakasimba zvehurumende. Panenge pasina nyika yakakwanisa kuunganidza pamwe chete zvigaro zvayo uye inovatungamirira munzira yakarurama. Switzerland muenzaniso wekuti kubva munzvimbo inobatsira inokwanisika kuvaka dambudziko guru mune zvenyika.