Tanga kudhinda muRussia

Tanga kudhinda muRussia, musi iyo ichangobva kuva nhau zvikuru gakava, Kazhinji chokuita mazita Ivan Fedorov uye Petr Mstislavets kuti varayirwa chevaux Ivan IV akasimbisa munharaunda Russian zvokudhinda imba Kremlin wokutanga.

By nguva ino Western Europe, kudhinda yava zvikuru chinowanzoitwa: pashure Johannes Gutenberg pakati pezana XV remakore yagadzirwa, sei iwe usina nyorazve bhuku noruoko uye kudhinda pamusoro chaiyo michina, kudhinda akaonekwa mumaguta akawanda makuru European. Typography nokuti vokuEurope kwaikosha: kukura socio-zvoupfumi pamwe mune zvesayenzi uye kugadzira mberi angadai hazvitomboiti pasina kugadzirisa kudiwa kuchengetera uye kupararira ruzivo.

Typography muRussia vaiva nedzimwe prerequisites akawanda. Pano printings zvaikoshawo, pakutanga kwezvose, kuti ideologically kusimbisa kuramba simba autocrat uye Orthodox Church. Izvozvo vakawanda kugadzirwa mabhuku echitendero wezwi waiva maonero Ivana Groznogo, harisi chete kubatanidza mabhuku ose kereke, kutanga kubvisa rokuisa akazviratidza vemanyepo kufamba, asiwo kusika zvakakodzera Pfungwa panobva Positioning yeRussia sesimba guru.

Tanga kudhinda muRussia inoverengeka mibvunzo. Chekutanga, yaMakoronike anotaura Ivan Fedorov uye kudhinda wokutanga kujeka chaizvo uye kujeka. Uyezve, mune tsamba Ivana Groznogo vanotaurwa chokuita pakatanga maindasitiri kugadzirwa mabhuku vanhu vakaita Marusha Nefed'ev uye Vasyuk Nikiforov, mashoko izvo usipo. Basic Data zvakananga pamusoro Ivan Fedorov uye Peter Mstislavets huri mabasa XVII remakore kare.

Chechipiri, kana wokudhindisa kuRussia Kazhinji chokuita pokubuda napo muMoscow muna 1564, bhuku rinonzi "The MuApostora", achiri pakutanga pamusoro XIX remakore ari mumunda maonero Vanyori vacho bhuku, iyo, sezvinoratidzwa tichiongorora, aidhindwa muMoscow asati kuti zuva. Masayendisiti saka kure kuzivikanwa mabhuku nomwe yakadaro, vatatu Evhangeri Four, Mapisarema, uye vaviri vaviri-Lenten Triodion.

Chechitatu, vanoti zvakawanda asati Fedorov muMoscow uye mamwe maguta ose vatenzi Russian, kunyanya dzemamongi, izvo vakaedza kuumba kudhinda chitoro kudhinda mabhuku echitendero ikoko. In chinyorwa ichi mabhuku anobudiswa navo zvakanga guru zvakakwana, kunyange unhu basa kunosiya zvakawanda anodikamwa.

Maererano pamutemo nhoroondo, mavambo pakudhinda muRussia nokuda chaiyo basa kuti Ivan Grozny pavanoparidza Metropolitan Macarius akapa Ivan Fedorov. Kuti azadzise murayiro uyu vakatanga wokupedzisira April 19, 1563, uye pashure kwerinenge gore chete, March 1, 1564, vakabudisa yokutanga "muApostora". Kunaka bhuku rino munzira dzakawanda kudarika kwavo dzimwe dzomuzana, asi riparadzirwe kwave zvikuru shoma. Kwapera gore, Fedorov uye Mstislavets inobudiswa muMoscow "Breviary", pashure vakamanikidzwa kusiya muna Rzeczpospolita, izvo zvakasikwa itsva wokudhinda uye dzikabereka wokutanga kudhindwa "ABC."

Pashure Fedorov akasiya Moscow, basa rake guru Russian akaramba Nikifor Tarasievym uye Andronikasi, uyo dzakabudisa "Psalms" muna 1568. Pasinei parizvino chakaitika pamoto zvachose imba kudhinda, maindasitiri bhuku kugadzirwa muitiro yaisagona akamira. Russia zvaifamba zvishoma nezvishoma munzira Kujekerwa.

Tanga kudhinda muRussia, pasinei zvose uchapupu kufambidzana gakava uye dudziro zvakasiyana, zvava chinhu chinokosha inokosha munhoroondo nyika yedu. Kutanga Moscow kudhinda kuti maindasitiri Kugadzirwa mabhuku akasimbisa guru voruzhinji kufarira kuverenga vanhu uye akasika preconditions nokuda pakuzadzisa munyika.