The Gulag wemuTesitamende USSR

History of Gulag hwakada zvakanyatsobatana yose kweSoviet, asi kunyanya iine paitonga Stalin kumwedzi. Misasa samambure Anotambanudza munyika. Vakashanyira zvakasiyana-siyana nemapoka mhosva akakurumbira 58 fung nyaya. The Gulag haana chete kwegadziriro kurangwa, asi paumbwe upfumi yeSoviet. Vasungwa kunze kupfuura chinzvimbo mabasa kwevashanu rokutanga.

Rakatanga Gulag

The ramangwana gadziriro yacho Gulag akatanga kubuda pakarepo mushure Bolsheviks vakauya simba. Munguva Civil War hurumende yeSoviet kutanga patsanura kirasi ayo uye pfungwa vavengi chaiyo yevasungwa. Zvino ichi izwi haina kuregwa, sezvo monstrous zvechokwadi kupima akagamuchira panguva utsinye ari Third Reich.

Pakutanga mumisasa vakanga chomurume Lva Trotskogo uye Vladimir Lenin. Misa kutya pamusoro "pakaunda-chimurenga" raisanganisira Wholesale kusungwa vapfumi bourgeoisie, fekitari varidzi, landlords, vatengesi, vatungamiriri vechechi, uye zvichingodaro. D. Nokukurumidza musasa vakapiwa Cheka, Felix Dzerzhinsky aiva sachigaro. Vakaronga rokumanikidzirwa. Zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti kumutsa nokupwanya upfumi.

Kana muna 1919 pamusoro munharaunda RSFSR rakanga musasa 21 chete pakupera Civil War, paitova 122. In Moscow moga, paiva masangano manomwe yakadaro, izvo vakaunganidzwa vasungwa kubva munyika. Muna 1919, guta guru rayo rakanga vanhu vanopfuura zviuru zvitatu. Yakanga isati gulag hurongwa, asi chete zvikabva. Kunyange ipapo, paiva tsika maererano iyo, zvose mabasa OGPU omurume intradepartmental mabasa chete, kwete vakawanda mitemo yeSoviet.

Wokutanga musasa wechibharo muna Gulag ino chakavapo panjodzi muoti. The Civil War, mutemo hondo komiyunizimu kwakaita kuti mutemo uye kutyora kodzero vasungwa.

Solovki

Muna 1919, ivo Cheka akasika dzakawanda yechibharo iri kuchamhembe Russia, kana kuti, muna Arkhangelsk mudunhu. Nokukurumidza, samambure ichi anonzi nzou. Zvarinomirira "Northern Chinangwa Camp Special". The Gulag wemuTesitamende Soviet Union akazviratidza kupfuura kure kumatunhu kunyika huru.

Muna 1923, ivo Cheka akanga tinoshandurirwa GPU. The sangano idzva akasiyanisa pacharo abatsire akawanda. Mumwe wavo akanga ari panyaya kuumba mutsva musasa fanira pamusoro Solovetsky rezvitsuwa, raiva kure zvikuru kuchamhembe kwomusasa. Izvi zvisati zvaitika, pazvitsuwa muGungwa White aiva yekare yemamongi Orthodox. It yakavharwa mukurwisa neChechi uye "vapristi".

Saka akaberekwa mumwe kiyi mabhii ari Gulag. Rakanga musasa Solovki mujeri. Chirongwa wake dzataurwa nokuda Iosifom Unshlihtom - mumwe ipapo vatungamiri Cheka-GPU. dambudziko rake iri yokufananidzira. Uyu murume vakabatsira kutanga ane utongi ino, waitirwa raakanga Vakazova. Muna 1938 iye akapfurwa pamusoro akakurumbira nzvimbo "Kommunarka". Iyi nzvimbo yaiva yokugara kwezhizha Henry Berry - commissar of NKVD ari 30s. Naiyewo akapfurwa.

Solovky kuva mumwe mukuru misasa Gulag 20s. Sezvatinorayirwa neDare OGPU mairi vaifanira ichengeterwe mhosva uye enyika vasungwa. Makore mashomanana pashure chitarisiko Solovki akakura, vakanga yaakaparadzanisa pamusoro yakaoma, kusanganisira Republic of yakarwiwa panzvimbo inonzi Karelia. Gulag hurongwa kunoramba kuwedzerwa pamwe vasungwa itsva.

Muna 1927, 12 zviuru vanhu zviri mumusasa Solovki. The utsinye okunze uye zvisingatsungiririki ezvinhu kukonzera dzose kufa. Nokuti zvose nguva ariko musasa kwayo akavigwa vanhu vanopfuura 7000. Zvisinei, inenge hafu vakafa muna 1933, apo nyika yose yaitsviriridza nzara.

Solovki zvaizivikanwa munyika. Nokuti mashoko nezvematambudziko mumusasa akaedza haana kumira panze. Muna 1929, rezvitsuwa vakasvika Bamba Gorky, panguva mukuru Soviet Writers. Aida kuongorora mamiriro ezvinhu vari mumusasa. mukurumbira munyori akanga vakabuditsa: mabhuku ake akadhindwa muna huru circulations, aizivikanwa somunhu echimurenga wechikoro yekare. Naizvozvo, vazhinji vasungwa vakanga wakarovererwa iye tariro pamusoro kuti hurukuro zvose zvinoitika mukati mamasvingo aimbova yemamongi.

Gorky isati pachitsuwa, musasa waiva zvachose yakachena uye akanga dzinofambiswa pedyo vakadzikama maonero. Torture vasungwa akamira. Panyaya iyi, vasungwa vakatyisidzirwa kuti kana vakataura kuna Gorky pamusoro hwavo, vanotarisana chirango chakakomba. Writer, akashanyira Solovki, akafara sei apiwa kudzidzisa vasungwa, akadzidzisa kuti kushanda uye kudzokera vanhu. Zvisinei, mumwe wemisangano iyi, muna detkolonii, Gorky akaswedera mukomana. Akaudza Celebrity vakokwa pamusoro kudheerera vejeri: .. Torture ari chando, nguva, akamira kuchitonhora, etc. Gorky rakabuda mumabharaki misodzi. Paakanga nechikepe huru, mukomana akapfurwa. Gulag maitiro zvikuru kurangwa chero vasingagutsikani vasungwa.

Stalin raMwari Gulag

Muna 1930, urongwa uhwu hwakanga pakupedzisira akaumba Gulag pasi Stalin. Zvakanga akaisa kuna NKVD uye aiva mumwe mikuru madhipatimendi mashanu vanhu Commissariat. Uyewo 1934, Gulag akayambuka majeri zvose zvakanga kare vaiva vanhu Commissariat of Justice. Yechibharo nomutemo kubvumirwa muna rokururamisa Labor Code of RSFSR. Zvino vasungwa vakawanda vaifanira kuziva kupfuura ngozi uye chinzvimbo zveupfumi uye kwezvivako mabasa: kuvaka, kuchera migero, etc ...

Zviremera kuita zvose kuti Gulag wemuTesitamende Soviet Union airatidzika kuva akasununguka vagari ushe. Kuti aite izvi, kumhanya kugara pfungwa danidziro. Muna 1931, basa rokuvaka rakatanga ari yakakurumbira Sea White Canal. Rakanga chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvaMambo Stalin yokutanga Five-Year Plan. Gulag Hurongwa - zviri zvakare mumwe zvoupfumi zvigadziriswe reSoviet wehurumende.

Kuti mugari aigona kudzidza zvakadzama pamusoro pakuvaka White Sea Canal akanaka nemashoko, asi Communist Party akapa basa kugadzirira inonyatsozivikanwa vanyori rumbidzai bhuku. Saka paiva basa "Canal Stalin." Pamusoro ine chikwata wevanyori: NdiTolstoy, Gorky, Pogodin uye Shklovsky. Kunyanya dzinonakidza ndechokuti bhuku akataura chokwadi pamusoro makororo uye mbavha, ane basa yaishandiswawo. The Gulag wakaitwa inokosha nzvimbo munyika hwenyika yeSoviet. Cheap uranda akabvumira nokukurumidza kuti pave basa-gore mashanu zvirongwa.

Political uye matsotsi

Gulag musasa hurongwa yakakamurwa muzvikamu zviviri. Yaiva nyika enyika uye kutsotswa. Wokupedzisira vavo zvaizivikanwa neHurumende "pedyo mumagariro". Iri izwi akanga akakurumbira pakati anoparadzirwa yeSoviet. Vamwe matsotsi vakaedza pamwe mumusasa kutarisira, kuitira kuti kugarwa kuvapo kwavo. Nenguva kubva kwavari simba akabvunza kuvimbika nokuongororwa itsika.

Vakawanda "vavengi vevanhu", uye mhosva vanonzi vasori uye Anti-Soviet anoparadzirwa haana mukana kudzivirira kodzero dzavo. Kakawanda, ivo akarwawo nzara nenjodzi. Uchibatsirwa dzavo vasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika akaedza atambudzwe kwokubatsira kuti upenyu hwainge hwakaoma, kushungurudzwa uye kudheerera vejeri.

Single nzara wavanozvisunga akauya pasina kutungamirira. Dzimwe nguva NKVD aigona chete kuwedzera kutambura ari musungwa. Kuti vaite izvi pamberi nenzara vakaiswa Mahwendefa vane zvinonaka chikafu uye zvishoma chikafu.

Kurwisa ratidzira

Musasa Kutarisirwa aigona voratidza kuti nzara wavanozvisunga chete kana yave vakawanda. Chero nepavanogona chiito vasungwa zvakazoita kuti chokwadi kuti vamwe vavo vakanga vachitsvaka kuti vaikurudzira, iyo zvino vaibata noutsinye.

Somuenzaniso, muna Uhtpechlage muna 1937 rimwe boka nemhosva Trotskyism pamusoro nzara ranwa. Chero ratidziro yakarongwa akaonekwa ari pakaunda-echimurenga mabasa uye kukanganisa hurumende. Izvi zvakaita kuti chokwadi kuti mumisasa paiva pave nokutsamwa vasavimbe mumwe vasungwa. Zvisinei, mune zvimwe zviitiko, musangano nenzara, nekusiyana, vakazivisa pachena pamusoro wayo pachangu nokuda nyore mwoyo umo vakawana pachavo. In Uhtpechlage mapiyona akasungwa. Vakaramba kupa uchapupu. Ipapo mitatu NKVD akatongera uku rufu.

Kana rudzi enyika pemitongo muna Gulag aiva husiri nyore kuwana, asi mhirizhonga vaiva hakuzivani. Zvisinei, mapiyona dzavo kazhinji vaiva vapari vemhosva. Mhosva pasi Article 58 kazhinji vakava vanhu nematsotsi akaita mirairo Vakuru ake. Vamiririri yepasi akasimuka kubasa kana kuti akabata hofisi akangwara nomudonzvo kwomusasa.

Unyanzvi Hwokuridza basa mumusasa

Muitiro uyu kwave chokuita chokwadi chokuti Gulag ezvinhu anotambura kushayikwa mudonzvo nenyanzvi. NKVD dzimwe nguva havana dzidzo. Musasa vakuru kazhinji vasina sarudzo asi kupfeka zvoupfumi, yaiona uye michina zvepamusoro angaratidza pachavo.

Uyezve, pakati vasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika zvave vazhinji vanhu ounyanzvi hwokugadzira siyana. Kunyanya kudiwa vaiva "hwokugadzira intelligentsia" - .. Engineers, etc. Mukutanga 30s yaiva vanhu vakanga vakadzidza Imperial Russia uye vaiva nyanzvi uye nyanzvi. In vakabudirira Muzviitiko, vasungwa akadaro aigona kunyange kutanga ukama kuvimba naye kwokubatsira kwomusasa. Vamwe vavo vane kuwana vacharamba vari mugadziriro yatova nenguva administrative chechetere.

Zvisinei, nepakati 30s raiva tightening kwehurumende, iro mumashoko zvikuru zekah. Very yakasiyana aiva nzvimbo vanachiremba vaiva intracamp nyika. The zvakanaka vanhu zvachose novimba hunhu uye kukura pakuvora imwe wepabasa. The Soviet hurongwa vakasika gulag hurongwa uye kunyange demoralize zvachose vavengi vake - chaivo kana zvekufungidzira. Naizvozvo, hapana liberalism pachinhu vasungwa vasingagoni kuva.

sharashka

rombo Nani nyanzvi avo uye nyanzvi kuwira vanonzi sharashka. Maiva masangano esayenzi namahwindo mhando, apo vaishanda vari pakavanda basa. Masayendisiti akawanda wakakurumbira kuwira kumisasa ake akasununguka-mafungiro. Somuenzaniso, izvi zvakanga Sergei Korolev - murume akava chiratidzo Soviet nzvimbo kudziongorora. In sharashka akamuka vagadziri, mainjiniya, vanhu chokuita uto indasitiri.

Masangano aya akaratidza tsika. Writer Alexander Solzhenitsyn, uyo akanga ari sharashka, makore akawanda gare gare akanyora yokufungidzira "The Circle First," izvo akatsanangura zvakadzama upenyu vasungwa. munyori iyi zvakanakisisa kuzivikanwa mamwe bhuku rake - ". The Gulag Archipelago"

Gulag sezvo chikamu upfumi yeSoviet

By pakutanga kweHondo Yenyika II mumusasa yakaoma uye zvava chinhu chinokosha munzvimbo dzakawanda maindasitiri sectors. The Gulag Hurongwa, muna pfupi, paiva kwose aigona kushandiswa muranda wechibharo vasungwa. Kunyanya rakachengetedzwa vaizviti muna migodhi, peturu nehuni Mazinga. An nzvimbo inokosha yaiva kuvakwa guru. Inenge zvose dzimba guru Stalin yaitonga dzakavakwa zekami. Vaiva Mobile uye kokupata vechibharo.

Pashure pehondo, basa mumusasa upfumi hwava zvikuru. Zvezvinotaurwa rokumanikidzirwa yave kuwedzerwa nokuda mabhomba chirongwa, uye mamwe mabasa akawanda muchiuto. Muna 1949, vanenge 10% okuwana munyika zvakasikwa mumisasa.

unprofitability mumisasa

Kunyange asati hondo, kuti varege kuchera upfumi kunyatsoshanda pamisasa, Stalin chakagumisa Chamba mumisasa. Pane rimwe muchikurukura pamusoro zvichaitirwa varimi avo vanozviwana mumisasa pashure dispossession, akati kuti zvakakosha kukwira gadziriro itsva incentives kuti negoho kubasa, nezvimwewo. D. Kazhinji Chamba kumirira munhu, kana kuzivikanwa maitiro akanaka, kana kuva mumwe Stakhanovite.

Pashure Stalin kwaiita mashoko maitiro zvaizopedza kushanda mazuva rakanga rarambidzwa. Maererano vasungwa vake akacheka izwi rake, kusiya kugadzirwa. The NKVD aisada kuita kudaro somunhu waiver kuti Tera tirasikirwe vasungwa chido kushanda nokushingaira. Izviwo, zvakazoita kuti kuwa muna profitability upi mumusasa. Kunyange zvakadaro, kuongorora vakanga rarambidzwa.

Yakanga kurasikirwa rokuita emakambani ari Gulag (pakati zvimwe zvikonzero) vakasundira utungamiriri Soviet kuronga hurongwa yose yakanga kare hwaivapo kunze wepamutemo kuumbwa, mukati chete zivo NKVD.

Low kunyatsoshanda mujeri basa kwave chokuita chokuti vazhinji vavo vakanga zvoutano. Rakanga anosimudzirwa kudya zvakaipa, murombo mararamiro, kudheerera Kutarisirwa uye nemamwe matambudziko akawanda. Muna 1934, 16% evasungwa vakaremadzwa uye 10% - varwere.

Kubviswa pakati Gulag

Kurambirwa ari Gulag akanga zvishoma nezvishoma. The riwedzere nokuti pakatanga izvi raiva rufu Stalin muna 1953. Kubviswa pakati Gulag maitiro kwakatangwa chete mwedzi mishomanana pashure.

Chekutanga vose USSR Supreme Soviet chirevo pamusoro vakawanda ruregero. Saka, anopfuura hafu vasungwa asunungurwa. Kazhinji, vaiva varume vane izwi makore asingasviki mashanu.

Panguva iyoyowo ruzhinji vasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika vanoramba vakapfigirwa. Stalin afa uye kuchinja simba vasungwa vakawanda vakaroverera chivimbo chokuti nokukurumidza chinhu zvichachinja. Uyezve, vasungwa vakatanga kurwisa pachena kudzvinyirira uye kushungurudzwa kwomusasa zviremera. Saka, pane mhirizhonga akawanda (kuVorkuta, Norilsk uye Kengir).

Chimwe chiitiko chinokosha nokuda Gulag aiva XX Congress of CPSU. Rakaitwa Nikita Hruschev, akanga achangobva akakunda vnutriapparatnoy kurwira simba. Pachikuva iye kushoropodza Stalin kuti kunamatwa unhu uye vakawanda utsinye munguva yake.

Panguva iyoyo vari mumisasa zvaiva chaiwo makomisheni kuti kuita amboshandurirwa vasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika. Muna 1956 nhamba yavo yakanga asingasviki katatu. Kubviswa pakati Gulag maitiro rakaenderana kuchinjwa ayo madhipatimendi itsva - Bazi Internal Affairs of USSR. Muna 1960, Reserve akanga vanogumurwa wokupedzisira GUITK Head (Main Administration pamusoro rokururamisa Labor Camps) Mikhail Holodkov.