Story maawa. History kuvamba maawa

Sayenzi rokutanga nguva - zvenyeredzi. Zvakawanikwa muna Observatories yekare zvaishandiswa zvokurima, uye kunamata. Zvisinei, yokuveza kwaidiwa kuyera pfupi nguva. Nokudaro vanhu chasvika yakagadzirwa maawa. The mutoo raiva refu mumwe, azere basa rakaoma zvakanakisisa pfungwa.

Story maawa anoenda emakore shure zhinji, ndiwo mukuru michina vanhu. Kubva netsvimbo rakabayirwa pasi kusvikira Ultra-zvinonyatsochengeta timepiece - nzira urefu mumazana nezvizvarwa. Kana iwe chinzvimbo nokubudirira yebudiriro kwevanhu, mu "kuvamba kwazvo" maawa vachava wechipiri chete mumavhiri.

Paiva nenguva apo vanhu vakanga nekarenda zvakakwana. Asi kwakanga raanoziva, zvakava zvakakodzera kugadzirisa nguva yose kwesayenzi kwendangariro. Zvakatora maawa, chinangwa iyo - Mazuva nokuyerwa nguva zvikamu pfupi. Kuti aite izvi, vanhu mumakore vakashandisa siyana chaiko kwendangariro. Naizvozvo kwaiva design, dzika navo.

Story maawa rakakamurwa nguva huru mbiri. Origin - kureba anoverengeka zvemakore, wechipiri - asingasviki chete.

1. History maawa, rinonzi majemusi. chikamu ichi zvinosanganisira zuva, mvura, moto uye jecha namano. nguva yokudzidza rinoguma domayatnikovogo zvokuimba wachi nguva. Vaiva Ages chime.

2. New nyaya maawa, kutanga nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa zvakavamba kuchinja nokudzikama, izvo chakaratidza kutanga kukura dzekare oscillatory kuchengeta nguva, kuziva. Nguva iyi yakareba asina yapera.

chaishandiswa

The hwakawanda huripo kupfuura kare. Saka nyaya chaishandiswa anovhura kwakawanda guru zvigadzirwa pasango kuchengeta nguva, kuziva. Pasinei sokuti nyore zvakasiyana-siyana mano.

Achishandisa chaishandiswa akaisa pachena kufamba kwezuva rose zuva. , Tichiverenga kubva nomumvuri akabatana. Kushandiswa wavo zvinogoneka chete kuine zuva. Ancient Egypt aiva akanaka ezvinhu nokuti. Yainyanya kushandiswa pamahombekombe aNairi akanzwisisa chaishandiswa vakange muchimiro shongwe. yakatarwa zvavo pasuo mutemberi. Gnomon muchimiro ane obelisk uye wehunyambiri pamwero pasi - saka tsvaka chaishandiswa yekare. Photo pazasi zvinoratidza mumwe wavo. Kusvikira zvino yakaramba mumwe muIjipita shongwe, zvifambiswe kuna Europe. Gnomon kukwirira 34 metres pari pamire mumwe dzinoungana muRoma.

Kwakajairika chaishandiswa vanayo chinokosha chinetso. Takaziva nezvazvo, asi refu akashivirira. In mwaka siyana, kureva zhizha nechando, ya kweawa yakanga yakasiyana. Asi panguva inodzorwa agrarian maitiro uye Artisan ukama mune yakarurama nokuyerwa nguva pakanga pasina chikonzero. Naizvozvo chaishandiswa zvinobudirira kusvikira mukupera Middle Ages.

Panzvimbo gnomon pauya yemhando kugadzira. Advanced chaishandiswa umo drawback ichi rave yakapedza aiva curved akamboona. Uyezve, kuvandudzika zvave shanduro dzakasiyana. Saka, rusvingo uye hwindo zvairatidza nguva zvakanga kwakapararira muEurope.

Uyezve kuvandudzika kwakaitika muna 1431. It kunoratidzwa dzidziso mumvuri museve newokuti akabatana paNyika. ruoko ichi chainzi akabatana. Zvino mumvuri orbiting semiaxis noruvara kubvongodzwa, akatendeuka awa imwe 15 °. zvakagadzirwa Izvi anotibvumira kubereka zvakakwana yakarurama nguva zvayo, chaishandiswa. Photo zvinoratidza mumwe zviridzwa dzakadaro rachengetedzwa China.

For zvakakodzera kugadzwa mamiriro simbi zvitengeswa nekambasi. Zvino unogona kushandisa varindi kwose kwose. It akakwanisa kubudisa kunyange inotakurika yokutevedzera. Kubva 1445 akatanga kuvaka chaishandiswa muchimiro negomba hemisphere, akashongedzerwa nomuseve, mumvuri iyo inowira yomukati pamusoro.

Kutsvaka zvinotsiva

Pasinei nokuti chaishandiswa vakanga vakasununguka uye yakarurama, vaiva kwakakomba chinangwa urema hunhu. Vanotoda kutsigirwa okunze, uye kushanda kwavo ndeyevanyori chikamu zuva akanyudzwa mukaha pakati zuva kusvika parinonyura. Mukutsvaka pane, masayendisiti akaedza kutsvaka dzimwe nzira kuyera nguva zvikamu. Waida kuti havana chokuita kutarisira kufamba nyeredzi nemapuraneti.

The kutsvaka kwakatungamirira pakusika chakagadzirwa mitemo nguva. Somuenzaniso, chinguva ichi Chaingodiwa nokupararira kana mumwe yakawanda combustion zvinhu.

Created pachishandiswa ichi nyore wachi vakapfuura refu nzira kukura uye uvandudze pezvivako, nokudaro tichigadzira nzira pakusika zvemaziso wachi kwete chete, asiwo kushandisa michina mano.

clepsydra

Nokuti mvura nenguva yeko akaomerera zita "clepsydra", saka pane zvisizvo kuti kutanga tega navo Greece. In chokwadi zvakanga zvisiri izvo. The akawanda ekare, chinyakare chaizvo hourglass akawanikwa mutemberi yaAmun pana Febah uye zvakachengetwa Cairo Museum.

Paaisika mvura wachi rutapudzo zvakafanira kuitira yunifomu mvura pamwero ari mudziyo panguva yayo pasi efflux kubudikidza orifice. Izvi zvakabatsira nokupa mudziyo cône serin'i, tapered pedyo pasi. Get muenzaniso anotsanangura mwero Urume leakage, zvichienderana ayo sandara uye mudziyo chimiro, zvaigoneka chete kuMiddle Ages. Vasati kuti, ngarava chimiro nokuti mvura wachi yakanga kugadziridzwa empirically. Somuenzaniso, muIjipiti hourglass, ambotaurwa pamusoro apa, akapa rekuchikoro kuderera. Kunyange neumwe mwero kukanganisa.

Sezvo hourglass hakunei nguva zuva uye mamiriro okunze, zvakanaka chinokodzera zvinodikanwa chinoramba nokuyerwa nguva. Uyezve, kudiwa mberi kuvandudzika ari mudziyo, achiwedzera akasiyana-siyana inopiwa nzvimbo zvokufungidzira vagadziri. Saka, clepsydra Arab aimiririra zvinoyevedza mabasa pachiimbwa refu functionality. Vakanga vakagadzirira zvimwe hydraulic uye pneumatic zvigadziriswe: sounder nguva usiku okuvimba hurongwa.

Handina kuchengeta nyaya yakawanda mvura nenguva yeko creators mazita. Ivo Manufacturing avimbiswa kwete chete muna Europe asiwo China, kuIndia. Tine mashoko pamusoro hurongwa Greek ainzi Ktesiby wokuAlexandria, uyo akararama makore 150 Kristu asati. The clepsydra Ktesiby akashandisa rachulis, yokungotaura Zviitiko akaitwa ne Aristotle.

moto yokurinda

boka iri yakabuda mukutanga remakore rechi13. The moto wekutanga dzokurinda vaiva tapers kusvika 1 mita kureba kupfeka kwavari zvisiri. Dzimwe nguva vamwe kupesana akanga vakapakata nembambo simbi yakawira resimbi vakamira vakakomba kurukutika wakisi, kubudisa akasiyana inzwi. mano zvakadai vakashanda sezvo zvikabva ari aramu.

With veMubatanidzwa negirazi rinoonekera moto yokurinda tinoshandurirwa lampadnye. On rusvingo yakaiswa scale, umo zvichida mafuta pomoto, uye vakatsunga nguva.

Yainyanya kushandiswa dzakadaro mano hwave China. Pamwe chete rumwe rudzi rambi zvaizoparadzirwa munyika vachiridzira maawa - tambo. Tinogona kutaura kuti akanga afa magumo.

hourglass

Vakati vakaberekerwa, haina kuzivikanwa. Tinogona kutaura nechivimbo kuti vakanga vasingagoni kumira pamberi michina regirazi.

Hourglass vari vaviri segirazi rinoonekera Mabumba. Kuburikidza unobatanidza mutsipa mukati ngaadurure kubva kumusoro kusvikira pasi chinu. Uye munguva yedu zviri zvichiri kusangana hourglass. Photo rinoratidza mumwe mapatani, stylized zvenhaka.

Medieval vanatenzi iri kugadzirwa mano akashongera hourglass yakanatswa yakarongedzwa. Vakanga kushandiswa kwete chete kuyera hwenguva, asiwo somunhu kushongedzwa yomukati. Mudzimba vanokudzwa zhinji uye vanokudzwa aigona kuona umbozha hourglass. Photography mumwe zvivezwa izvi.

MuEurope, nyika hourglass akasvika panzvimbo hwatova - pakupera yeMiddle Ages, asi kuparadzirwa yavo yakanga nokukurumidza. Nokuda kwayo nyore, vanoshandisa mukana chero nguva, rwakakurumidza dzakakurumbira chaizvo.

Mumwe zvainovhiringidzawo ane hourglass - imwe kumbonyanya pfupi, kuyerwa pasina wekushanduka. Not vajaira kukaseti anoumbwa pavo. Kudziviswa kuparadzira yokutevedzera zvavo pasi zvakarurama kudaro, uyewo yabvaruka pashure kushandiswa kwenguva refu. Zvino sezvinotevera. Orifice ari diaphragm pakati mumidziyo akanga kutongokwizwa, achiwedzera dhayamita, uye jecha nezvimedu - pamusoro zvinopesana, ichiparara, kudzikira ukuru. wakawedzera ejection Kasira, nguva - ungaderedza.

Mechanical dzokurinda: prerequisites nokuda

The kudiwa yakarurama nokuyerwa nguva zvikamu pamwe kukura kugadzirwa uye munzanga ukama yave achifumira zvishoma nezvishoma. The akanakisisa pfungwa kushanda chingapedza dambudziko iri.

Nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa zvemaziso dzokurinda - chiitiko chikuru yakaitika Middle Ages, nokuti - zvikuru kunzwisisa tambo, akasikwa makore iwayo. Uyewo, izvi kuchaita kuti pakuzadzisa zvesainzi.

Kugadzirwa uye zviitiko ayo maawa waida nani, yakarurama, uye mukuru-Michina zvokushandisa, nzira itsva ongororo uye magadzirirwo. Izvi kwaiva kutanga kwenguva itsva.

Kusikwa zvokuimba yokurinda unoitwa zvichibvira nokugadzirwa, chokurukisa asunungurwa. chikwata ichi anotendeuka translational inofamba kuti akarembera netambo zviyereso kuti oscillate pota nguva mumavhiri. Pano chamazuva zvakajeka kuonekwa - nokuti akaoma Clepsydra womuenzaniso vaitova uye raundi uye giya chitima uye kurwa. Zvakanga zvakakodzera chete kushandura uchityaira simba: kutsiva mvura ndege inorema Zviidzo, izvo zvakanga nyore kubata, uye kuwedzera chikungiso mudziyo uye escapement.

On hwaro ichi, zvigadziriswe shongwe nenguva yeko zvakasikwa. Chimes vane chokurukisa kudzora akapinda kushandiswa kumativi kubva 1340 uye akava kuzvikudza maguta akawanda uye machechi.

Paumbwe dzenhoroondo vibrational kuchengeta nguva, kuziva

Nhoroondo chidzoke maawa kuchengetedza kuzvibereko mazita masayendisiti uye vanotanga vakaita kuti zvikwanisike kuva navo. The yokungotaura hwaro hwaiva zvakawanikwa kuti Galileo Galilei, kutaura mitemo nokurondedzera oscillations ane zvakavamba kuchinja. Iye - muvambi pfungwa nomuviri zvakavamba kuchinja nenguva yeko.

Galileo akakwanisa kushandisa pfungwa muna 1658 ari matarenda Dutchman Christiaan Huygens. Iye - munyori nokugadzirwa, pakuenzanisa kuzvidzora, nokudaro kusika muhomwe, uye ipapo murinde. Muna 1674, Huygens yakatanga nani kudzora kubudikidza kuwedzera vhiri panguva flywheel-zononoka namatsime muchimiro bvudzi.

Other nhangaruvazhe kuvamba runobva watchmaker kubva muNuremberg anonzi Peter Henlein. Iye akazogadzira clockwork muchirimo, uye muna 1500, anoritsanangura akasika muhomwe yokurinda.

In zvakafanana paiva kuchinja chitarisiko. Pakutanga zvakanga chaizvo ruoko. Asi sezvo maawa vava yakarurama kwazvo, ivo zvinoda zvakakodzera chiratidzo. Muna 1680, ruoko miniti Wakawedzerwa, uye raundi akawana isu senguva mhando. Mugore regumi namasere remakore, vakatanga kuisa ruoko wechipiri. Pakutanga divi, uye gare gare zvakava musimboti.

Muzana nemanomwe remakore, pakusikwa maawa hwakatamisirwa muchikwata ounyanzvi. Hwakaisvonaka wakashongedzwa muviri, yakashongedzwa enamel dials, iyo panguva iyoyo akanga akafukidzwa girazi - izvi zvose zvinoita urongwa nacho chacho.

Basa iri kuvandudzika uye kunzwisisa mano anoramba risina kumiswa. Anowedzera Kutaura. Pakutanga nemisere remakore zvaishandiswa sezvo zvitsigiso nokuda rocker uye giya matombo - Ruby sesafaya. Zvinokwanisika kuderedza kukweshera, kuvandudza yakarurama, uye kuwedzera simba chengetedza. Paiva dzinonakidza kuomesa - ndikatema karenda, otomatiki ichitenderera, simba chengetedza indekisi.

The riwedzere nokuti kukura kwakanga nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa zvakavamba kuchinja wachi Chirungu watchmaker Klement. Around 1676 akava chinotsigisa-Mbambo escapement. mudziyo Izvi yakanyatsokodzera zvakavamba kuchinja wachi, iyo duku amplitude oscillation.

Goldstone wachi

Humwe kuvandudzika midziyo kuti kuyera nguva somunhu aval chakaitika. Kukura zvemagetsi uye redhiyo michina yava rwakagadzirira nzira kwaita Goldstone. basa ravo inobva piezoelectric mugumisiro. It rakaonekwa muna 1880, asi Goldstone dzokurinda vakakwanisa chete kubereka muna 1937. Kubva chekare zvokuimba Goldstone achangogadzwa akasika mhando vari rwakakudzwa yakarurama. Nguva zvemagetsi pakurinda. Chii yavo rutivi?

Goldstone dzokurinda vane mashandiro zvinosanganisira wemagetsi chikwata uye vanonzi and injini. Ungazviita sei? Engine, zvatinogamuchira chiratidzo kubva electronic Unit, kunoita museve. Panzvimbo zvatinosiita raundi Goldstone tarisai digitaalinen kuratidzwa anogona kushandiswa. Tinoti zvemagetsi. Muna West - Goldstone pamwe digitaalinen kuratidzwa. It chezvematongerwe haachinji.

Kutaura zvazviri, Goldstone wachi - iri Mini-kombiyuta. nyore chaizvo kuwedzera mamwe zvinhu: stopwatch, mwedzi maitikiro, karenda, aramu wachi. Price yokurinda panguva imwe chete, mukusiyana kuti hurongwa, asingadi kuwedzera zvikuru. Izvi zvinoita kuti nyore.

Goldstone dzokurinda dzakarurama zvikuru. Kururama ravo ± mumasekonzi 15 / mwedzi. zvakakwana kugadzirisa kuverengwa kaviri pagore.

Wall-hwavapo-digital wachi

Digital kuratidzwa uye chiine - Ndivo runoratidza kwakadai michina. Electronic dzokurinda dzinowanzoshandiswa sezvo Integrated. Vanogona kuonekwa pamusoro dashboard mumotokari, mune serura ari microwave muovheni uye TV.

Somunhu chinhu mukati kazhinji zvichiita kuti asangane akakurumbira zvikuru chaiwo design, kureva kuti, nemashoko museve chiratidzo.

Maawa zvemagetsi rusvingo kuti aenderane zvakakwana kupinda mukati sezvinoita mhoro-Tech, ano, Techno. Vanokwezva zvikurukuru nokuda kwayo functionality.

Maererano kuratidzwa mhando yemagetsi dzokurinda vari LCD uye akatungamirira. Ekupedzisira vane chadzo, sezvo vari zvakavhenekerwa.

Maererano nesimba romugove mhando yemagetsi nenguva yeko (wall uye tafura) vari rakakamurwa network, kushanda kubva 220V uye batareechnye. Yamunenge mano rechipiri mhando, sezvo hakurevi pamberi nzira yokubudisa pedyo.

neshiri yegungwa Clocks

mhizha German akatanga kuagadzira kubva pakutanga nemisere remakore. Pachivanhu Wall neshiri yegungwa wachi zvakaitwa namatanda. Zvikuru wakashongedzwa shinda akaita kuti imba shiri vakanga kushongedzwa vapfumi dzimba.

Panguva iyoyo, inexpensive mienzaniso zvakanga zvakakurumbira muSoviet Union uye yaimbova Soviet Union. Makore akawanda Wall neshiri yegungwa wachi muchiso "Mayak" zvinoberekwa chirimwa muguta Russian Serdobsk. Zviidzo muchimiro zvomusiperesi pasikweya, akashongedzwa mifananidzo nyore imba, bepa mbava mutsindo mashandiro - saka vanoyeuka vakuru.

Zvino klassiske rusvingo wachi ane neshiri yegungwa - husiri nyore kuwana. Izvi imhaka mubhadharo mukuru yepamusoro yokutevedzera. Kana musingadi kufungawo Goldstone Crafts Asian nemhizha, zvakaitwa mapurasitiki, nakisisa neshiri yegungwa kukuyut chete mumisha connoisseurs awa exotics. Chaiwo, kunzwisisa mashandiro, matehwe mbava, neshinda pamusoro redzimba - izvi zvose kunoda Chinyorwa unyanzvi basa. Chete chinonyanya anonyatsozivikanwa vagadziri zvinogona zvivezwa akadaro.

wachi yearamu

Ndiyo "wachi dzemhando yepamusoro" Inonyanya kubata menyika.

Service - wokutanga okuwedzera chinhu kuti rakatangwa muna maawa. Patented muna 1847 maererano wokuFrance Antoine REDE.

In klassiske zvokuimba pakombiyuta aramu wachi ruzha iri zvinoberekwa kwemotokari yacho nenyundo ari simbi ndiro. Electronic mhando vanonyanya kunonakidza.

On Achipa okuzvidzivirira vari rakakamurwa duku uye makuru-kukura, pakombiyuta uye mugwagwa.

Desktop Alarm Clock inoitwa vakaparadzana Motors kuti clockwork uye chiratidzo. Infest navo somunhu mumwe nomumwe.

With zvinobatsira Goldstone achitarisa zvokuimba aramu nenguva yeko vakawa. Pane zvikonzero zvinoverengeka. Desktop aramu wachi pamwe Goldstone hadzikwanisi dzenhoroondo zvemaziso mano dzinoverengeka zvakanakira ivo vava yakarurama, haatarisiri zuva chirimwa, ivo nyore achida kamuri magadzirirwo. Uyewo, ivo chiedza, kwete kutya anorovera uye anowira.

Zvokuimba chiningoningo aramu wachi unowanzonzi munhu "mureza". mhando kwakadaro zvinobudisa yemakambani shoma. Saka, vateresi vaizivikanwa muenzaniso inonzi "cricket wenyika"

"Cricket" (nokuti Chirungu cricket.) - pasi zita iri kambani Swiss yakabereka Vulcain achitarisa pamwe aramu chaitika. Vanozivikanwa ndechokuti pavanatenzi vavo vaiva American mapurezidhendi: Duayt Eyzenhauer, Garri Trumen, Richard Nixon uye Lindon Dzhonson.

Story maawa vana

Time - a muchikwata yakaoma kwouzivi uye panguva imwecheteyo kwomuviri kwazvo kuyerwa kunodiwa. Man anorarama nguva. Atova kukireshi purogiramu yokurovedza uye dzidzo inopiwa nokuda kukura vana nokuda zvadziri nenguva.

Dzidzisa mwana kushandisa wachi, iwe unogona, paakangoziva akadzidza nhoroondo. Kubatsira marongerwo ichi. Unogona sangana kurinda kubva bhodhi pamwe zuva nezuva, Akariyanika zvose nokuda Kujeka pamusoro chati papepa. Kuronga makirasi vanogona kuva zvenyaya mutambo, uchishandisa Puzzles mifananidzo.

Story maawa vana vane makore makore 6-7 kudzidza pamusoro Category muzvirongwa. Material rinofanira pasi kuitira kuti kufarira nyaya. Children muimba svikika muchimiro zivisa pamwe nhoroondo maawa maonero avo kare uye chipo. Zvadaro, ruzivo urwu ndee. Kutaridza musimboti iyi nyore maawa - zuva, mvura uye moto. Zvirongwa izvi kumutsa vana kufarira tsvakurudzo, uye kutanga zvitsva zvokufungidzira uye kuziva. Vanoremekedza nguva.

Kuchikoro, zvidzidzo 5-7, kudzidza nhoroondo nokugadzirwa maawa. Zvinonzi inobva ruzivo runowanikwa mukirasi mwana nezvenyeredzi, nhoroondo, jogirafi, wefizikisi. Saka internalized zvinhu ndee. Watches, avo kuvamba uye kuvandudzika inokurukurwa sechikamu History of Material Culture, kuwana izvo kuvavarira zvinodiwa kwenzanga. Topic Zvirongwa zvinogona akagadzira sezvinotevera: ". Zvigadzirwa zvakachinja nhoroondo yevanhu"

Chesekondari, zvinokurudzirwa kuramba kudzidza maawa semukana chishongedzo kuti fashoni uye nechomukati aesthetics nevanobva. Zvakakosha kuti kusuma vana kuti awa nokuzvibata kutaura pamusoro zvinodiwa zvinokosha pakusarudza nechomukati nenguva yeko. Mumwe zvidzidzo zvinogona chose nguva zvakanaka.

Nhoroondo nokugadzirwa maawa kunoratidza zvakajeka kuti chamazuva zvizvarwa, ayo kudzidza - vanobudirira achishandisa paumbwe wechiduku munyika.