1223: muRussia chiitiko. Zvakabuda Hondo Kalka

Black akazviratidza muna 1223 kuti nyika yedu. Chiitiko kwakaitika Russia iri kuti kuzivikanwa emakore enyika nzvimbo kuEastern Europe. Mumwe hondo kundikana akashandura yose nzira kare.

1223: Chiitiko muRussia

zvose zvine chakanakisisa kubva chikoro zvidzidzo zviri mupfungwa kuti pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi13 - nguva Mongol nechisimba munyika Polovtsian nyika (yakabatana necheSalvic rudzi) uye nharaunda yose Russia. Russian kukunda nyika yomusango mhirizhonga yakanga zvishoma nezvishoma, asi chii chakaitika muna 1223 muRussia? Yaiva May 31, 1223 (sezvo akatiudza Laurentian Chronicle) akatora hondo yokutanga mauto Khan uye varwi Russian. Tose tinoziva nhoroondo chiitiko ichi chinonzi "The Battle of Kalka River."

Zvinokonzera Hondo Kalka

Hondo pakati Tatars uye Russian kwomuchinda tichikufunga, raizoitirwa. Sei? Maererano Mongol nzira, iyo yakataurwa Genghis Khan, mamiriro ake aitofanira kufukidza Mongolian ndima yechokwadi kwete chete, asiwo kungapfuurira yose Europe.

Nei nharaunda yakakura hwemabasa eMongolia? Usakanganwa kuti vari muArabhu. vanhu vakadaro havagoni kugara panzvimbo imwe kubva panzira kurima. MuArabhu hadzina kuita zvokurima, uye chete nezvipfuwo. The vamiririri vanhu makuru yemombe kuti aiva chinhu zvokudya. nzira kurima kunosanganisira nguva nenguva yokutsiva mafuro itsva, nekuti mafuro zvekare vasina kudya mhuka sezvokudya. Inoda Europe aiva eMongolia sezvo vanokwanisa mafuro emombe dzavo.

Events pamberi hondo pamusoro Kalka

Zviri pachena kuti mamiriro ezvinhu hondo pamusoro Kalka haana kuuya pakarepo. The nokukunda kufora ari eMongolia mauto akatanga muna Central Asia. Ipapo mhirizhonga ndokunanga kurutivi Iran. No hondo kuvamisa. EMongolia vakaramba kwidza nenzira kuCaucasus. Vatungamiriri Horde vanoziva kuti maguta makuru akawanda vapfumi kuCaucasus, iyo kumutorera anogona. Kuva kufamba kwokunokunda kuna Caucasus, zvakadai sehondo Georgian akapinda munyika Russia ano, ane ndima apo amarudzi Alans uye Polovtsy akararama. The simba runochengeta avanhu ava vakakundwa imwe, nokuti nezvibvumirano pamusoro Mongol vakundi uyewo pakuvhiya kwacho.

1223 ... Chiitiko kuRussia, iyo zvinogona kuitika, kwete machinda kufara, nokuti vaiziva kuti pakupedzisira mapoka aya asvika Kiev. machinda Russian aifanira kuuya kunzwisisa eMongolia akumbirwa kuti Polovtsy. Zvakare, kurwisana ne Genghis Khan nemauto tichikufunga, vangadai vachiri kwakaitika. Achiziva kuti Tatars haana kurega, machinda vakasarudza kuramba Polovtsian Khan rubatsiro. Vasangana Kiev, mauto Mstislava Galitskogo uye Mstislav ari vachiva (panguva iyoyo Muchinda Kiev), yakatsviriridza mushandirapamwe. Munguva mushandirapamwe eMongolia kaviri nhume dzavo, chinangwa rakanga kumisa hondo Russian. EMongolia angadaro aifunga kuti vanogona kukunda Polovtsy, asi hauzopindi muguta weRussia.

Hondo pamwe eMongolia

Kuziva iyo chiitiko chakaitika muna 1223, nguva pfupi asati gurusvusvu Batu Khan, Genghis Khan muRussia (kureva, kukunda vakapfuma maguta Caucasus), vatongi Russian havana kutenda nhume Horde. Naizvozvo, danidziro rwakatora. Chikwata chakaita pasi Dnieper. In chii zvino ari Cherkassy nharaunda revarwi Ukraine Muchinda vaifanira kuyambuka ari Dnieper. Kunyange pano pakava kokutanga navarwi muvengi. The eMongolia vaiva nemabhiza kutsanya, saka vakakwanisa kutiza uye kukwezvera eRussia mu dzinokodzera kuhondo, riri pedyo norwizi ano Kalmius (Zaporizhia nharaunda).

Tanga kurwa raiva machinda Russian. Kusvika pamwero uyu zvinogona kutsanangurwa kumhanya kuita kwomuchinda mauto. Kiev muchinda akayambuka rwizi, uye vakadzidza Mongolian musasa kure, akadzokera nzvimbo revarwi aro muvagadzirire kurwa. The eMongolia vakatanga shure. Zvikurukuru Vakamanikidza zvakasimba pamusoro kukupfura vari Daniila Galitskogo. Asi zvino Golden Horde akapinda muhondo mamwe mauto, izvo zvakazoita kuti pakupedzisira zvinozobuda hondo dzakawanda munhoroondo Ukrainian uye Russian avanhu - kupukunyuka vatsigiri (Polovtsy), izvo vakaparadza maumbirwo Russian mauto machinda. Shure kwaizvozvo, kuti Tatars kukunda yaiva nyaya nguva rwokugadzira. Uto necheSalvic wakatambudzika inorema nezvinhu muhondo iyi.

mhedziso

1223 ... Chiitiko muRussia zviri zvaisiririsa. The vakakundwa Kalka akaisa Russia yose zvakananga uye zvakakwana kuvimba hurumende, "Zolotaya Orda." Tartar joko wakagara anenge makore 300. Izvi huru zvenhoroondo nguva Akamboramba inokanganisa pamusoro pokumuka Russia neUkraine kwenyika ano.