Sezvo vaigara vanhuwo zvavo kuMiddle Ages? Nhoroondo vanhuwo zvavo

vanhu Modern vane vaguest pfungwa sei vakagara vanhuwo zvavo kuMiddle Ages. Izvi hazvishamisi, nokuti upenyu uye netsika musha akachinja zvikuru kwemazana emakore.

The kwaita feudal kuyanzva

Shoko rokuti "Middle Ages" rinoshanda kuna vakawanda kuWestern Europe, nokuti pano vaiva vose mananara kuti vari zvakasimba chokuita nepfungwa kuMiddle Ages. Uyu ndiye nhare, Knights uye zvakawanda. Vanhuwo zvavo munyika ino aiva nzvimbo yayo, iyo asiri zvakachinja kwemazana emakore.

Panguva kwezana VIII uye IX emakore. ari vechiFrank ezvinhu (izvo vakabatana France, Germany uye vazhinji Italy) paiva yechimurenga ukama kumativi munyika uridzi. Chakasimudzira kuva feudal gadziriro, waiva hwaro Ages vanhu.

Madzimambo (yokuisira simba guru) akavimba vatsigire hondo. Nokuti kushumira anofungidzirwa mambo vakagamuchira nzvimbo huru dzenyika. Nokufamba kwenguva, paiva kirasi yose madzishe vakapfuma, uyo aiva noruzivo nzvimbo mukati hurumende. Vanhuwo zvavo vaigara pamusoro idzi, akava pfuma yavo.

Kukosha chechi

Chimwe chikuru muridzi wenyika rava chechi. Yemamongi Holdings anogona kufukidza mativi makiromita akawanda. Vanhuwo zvavo vaigara kuMiddle Ages iri nyika yakadaro? Ivo akapiwa private mugove diki, uye muna kudzokera aifanira kushanda mumwe nhamba mazuva munharaunda muridzi. Zvakanga upfumi kumanikidza. Chakasimudzira kunyika dzinobatwa zvose European rinenge, kunze dzekuma Scandinavia.

Kereke akaita basa rinokosha muna uranda uye landlessness vomumusha. Upenyu vanhuwo zvavo kuchinja Ecclesiastical zviremera nyore. Vanhuwo zvavo vanonzwa pfungwa yokuti vanyoro basa chechi kana kuchinjwa iyo gare gare kunooneka pane zvinoitika munhu afa kudenga.

The impoverishment of vanhuwo zvavo

Paiva feudal nyika muridzi yaparadzwa vanhuwo zvavo, zvinenge vose vaigara kusiyirira urombo. Izvi zvakakonzerwa anoverengeka mananara. Nokuda dzose muchiuto uye basa iri feudal vanhuwo zvavo vakanga akabviswa panyika yavo uye aisava nenguva kuzviita. Uyezve, pamapfudzi avo akarara pasi zvakasiyana siyana mitero kubva mamiriro. Medieval nzanga kwaibva vasakarurama rusaruro. Somuenzaniso, varimi vari pasi kumusoro nezvakatongwa marangirwo kuti zvigumbuso uye kutyorwa nemitemo.

Vomumusha vakanga kunyimwa nyika yavo, asi haana vakadzingwa kubva pairi. Raiva dzinongoitika upfumi ipapo yaiva chete nzira yokupukunyuka uye kuita mari. Naizvozvo madzishe akapa landless vanhuwo zvavo kutora nyika kubva kwavari nokuda dzakawanda wazvipira, sezvinorondedzerwa pamusoro.

precarium

The chikuru mashandiro ari kwaita European serfdom kwakanga precarium. Naizvozvo ndakashevedza zvibvumirano vakagumisa pakati feudal madzishe uye varombo landless murimi mudiki. Mukutsinhana nokuti vaiva mugove Murimi wakanyengwa kana kubhadhara rendi, kana kuita nguva serfdom. Medieval musha uye vaigaramo kazhinji zvachose chokuita feudal kondirakiti precarium (kureva "panguva chikumbiro"). Use aigona kupiwa kwemakore mashomanana kana kunyange upenyu.

Kana pakutanga murimi akawana oga munyika maererano feudal ishe kana muchechi, ipapo pamusoro nguva nokuda impoverishment uye akarasikirwa rusununguko. Pfungwa uranda ndiyo migumisiro akaoma ezvoupfumi ezvinhu, izvo achipfuura Ages musha navageremo.

Simba guru Varidzi

The murombo akanga asina kukwanisa kubhadhara chikwereti yose kuna feudal ishe, akapinda varanda pachinhu mukweretesi, uye chokwadi akava muranda. Yose zvayo, izvi zvakaita kuti chokwadi chokuti nyika hombe zvoupfumi Sechipanji diki. Izvi zvakare akwanise nokuda kukura feudal enyika zvazvinoita. Nokuda huru wevasungwa mari vakava vasingatungamirirwi mambo, uye vakakwanisa kuita munyika yavo zvose zvavaida, pasinei nemitemo. The zvakawanda pakati vanhuwo zvavo vakava novimba feudal madzishe, akasimba akakura simba yokupedzisira.

Sei kuvanhuwo zvavo zvaigara yeMiddle Ages, kazhinji zvaienderana vo kururamisira. mhando iyi simba ndiko mumaoko feudal madzishe (nyika yavo). Mambo aigona kuzivisa kutapata Duke kunyanya simba, kuti varege nezvinotaurwa nayo. Vaifarira madzishe aigona pasina nezvouchapupu nechepakati simba kutonga vanhuwo zvavo dzavo (nemamwe mazwi, pfuma yavo).

Kutapata kodzero kupfuura muridzi pachedu kuunganidzira zvose pakutengeserana vakaenda coffers rekorona (nezvakatongwa fines, mitero uye dzimwe mhosva). Uyewo akava mutungamiriri feudal varwi kuti vanhuwo zvavo uye masoja, izvo ikaunganidzwa munguva yehondo.

The kutapata zvatakangopiwa pachena Mambo, kwaingova chakarongwa pamasikiro hurongwa, chikamu raiva feudal nyika uridzi. Varidzi Large kunge vaiva neropafadzo dzavo refu asati kugamuchira mvumo kubva mambo. Kutapata chete akapa pamutemo kuti umo akatora upenyu vanhuwo zvavo.

patrimony

Vasati paiva yechimurenga munyika noukama makirisito mabhizimisi chikwata Western Europe aiva nharaunda yokumaruwa. Sezvo vakanga mazita. Communities vaigara pachena, asi panguva kwezana VIII uye IX emakore, vaenda. Munzvimbo yavo wakasvika fiefdoms wavakakudzwa simba, uyo pasi nhare vomunharaunda.

Vaigona kuva zvikuru akasiyana ayo mamiriro, zvichienderana nenzvimbo yacho. Somuenzaniso, kuchamhembe kweFrance, matunhu makuru dzakapararira, yaisanganisira misha inoverengeka. Kumaodzanyemba enyika mukuru wehurumende ari vechiFrank Ages munzanga mumusha vaigara Estates duku, izvo zvinogona chete gumi nevaviri mamita. Boka iri munzvimbo European vakaramba uye kusvikira kukundikana feudal hurongwa.

The nemamiriro patrimony

Classical patrimony yakakamurwa muzvikamu zviviri. Chokutanga izvi raiva nzvimbo yatenzi, apo vanhuwo zvavo vaishanda tisingatauri mamwe mazuva, kushumira ayo basa. Chikamu chechipiri raisanganisira mamita ane kumaruwa vagari, nekuti iyo vakava novimba feudal tenzi.

Labor of vanhuwo zvavo hazvo kushandiswa Manor, iyo, sezvo mutemo, yaiva musimboti matunhu uye Manor mugove. Raisanganisira musha uye mubindu, iro mave siyana zvokutengeserana zvivako, mapindu, neminda, neminda yemizambiringa (kana kubvumirwa okunze). Uyewo takashanda pano Manor nemhizha, pasina yawakanga muridzi womunda aigona kuita. The nemba yake oga uyewo ndaigarova chigayo uye chechi. izvi zvose kwainzi enzvimbo feudal ishe. Chii vakaiita vanhuwo zvavo kuMiddle Ages, yakanga iri nzvimbo dzavo, izvo zvinogona riri kwokurangana intermingled pamwe vomuridzi womunda.

Vashandi muyanzvi kumaruwa vaifanira kushanda munzvimbo feudal ishe pamwe uwandu wako, uyewo zvakafanira muno mombe dzavo. Zvishoma anowanzoshandiswa varanda chaivo (ichi Social rukoko iduku kwazvo pakukura).

Kwokurangana arable varimi parutivi nomumwe. Vaifanira kushandisa vanhuwo nyika zvigare (tsika iyi yakaramba chete vakasununguka munharaunda nguva). Upenyu seboka iyi nokudzorwa gungano musha. Rakanga sachigaro nokuda meya, uyo akasarudzwa kuti feudal ishe.

Kunyanya Kurima

Mune nzvimbo yechizvarirwo yemamiriro Kurima. Izvi zvakakonzerwa yakaderera kusimudzira zvibereko mauto muruwa. Mukuwedzera, mumusha paiva weboka basa pakati vanhuwo zvavo uye navapfuri vesimbi kuti aigona kugadzirisa mashandiro ayo. Kureva raanoziva uye musha basa azviratidza somunhu divi mugumisiro kurima.

Nemataundi varimi navapfuri vesimbi akapa ishe zvakasiyana zvipfeko, shangu, uye anodiwa zvokushandisa. Chii anogadzirwa nzvimbo yechizvarirwo, kazhinji kacho yave kushandiswa naHama muchivanze uye kashoma panyaya vaiva serfs.

murimi mudiki tengeserana

Kushaya wokufambisa kwenhumbi makadzivisa kutengeserana. Zvisinei, kururama kutaura kuti akanga asina zvachose, uye vanhuwo zvavo havana kubatanidzwa mairi. Paiva pamisika, nhumbi, uyewo riparadzirwe mari. Zvisinei, izvi zvose hazvina chokuita upenyu mumisha uye matunhu. Varimi vasina nzira chinozvimirira, uye kusimba wezvokutengeserana aisakwanisa kuvabatsira kubhadhara kure feudal madzishe.

Ndakatengesa nemugwagwa, akatenga mumusha, vakakoniwa kubereka pachavo. The feudal madzishe vakatenga munyu, zvombo, uyewo apo neapo kuti zvoumbozha kuti kwaigona vatengesi kubva mhiri kwemakungwa kunyika. Vagari kwema izvi havana zvinobatanidzwa. Kureva kutengeserana chete kugutsa zvido zvevanhu rakamanikana vepamusoro munzanga, akanga imwe mari.

murimi mudiki ratidzira

Sei kuvanhuwo zvavo zvaigara muMiddle Ages chouviri ukuru zvakavakodzera, izvo rwakabhadharwa kuna feudal ishe. Kakawanda, izvozvo akapa mu-nomutsa. Zvingava zviyo, furawa, doro, waini, yehuku, mazai kana handicrafts.

Yezve pfuma residues zvakakonzera vanhuwo zvavo vanogunun'una. kuti aigona anotaurwa zvakasiyana siyana. Somuenzaniso, vomumusha atiza vamanikidzi vavo kana kunyange kufanorongwa wandisa nemhirizhonga. Murimi mudiki kumukirana, nguva imwe neimwe akundwa nokuda spontaneity, kusabatana, uye kushaya sangano. Panguva iyoyowo, ivo kunyange zvakaita kuti chokwadi chokuti feudal madzishe vakaedza kugadzirisa chitsama mabasa kumisa kukura kwavo uye kuwedzera Kusagutsikana pakati serfs.

Kurambirwa feudal ukama

Nhoroondo vanhuwo zvavo kuMiddle Ages - ari kugara kwandakaita guru Varidzi, pamwe siyana kubudirira. Ukama izvi aonekwa Europe iri MATONGO vanhu yekare, uko akatonga mumwe dzekare muuranda, zvakajeka zvikuru anotaurwa hweRoma.

Kurambirwa ari feudal ino uye uranda vanhuwo zvavo chakaitika munguva dzazvino. Iye vakabatsira kukura upfumi (zvikurukuru chiedza indasitiri), zveupfumi uye Kubuda kumaguta. Uyewo ari Middle Ages uye ano dzoro humanistic iwayo nezvaiva Europe, vakaisa rusununguko nomumwe kwenzira vose.