Russian kwavabati: tichirwisa uye mubatanidzwa

Mugore XII-XV remakore munguva feudal kusabatana muna Rus aivapo hurumende idzodzo - umambo yekare. Muzana X remakore paiva tsika, razova ndozvakajairwa muzana remakore rakatevera, - kugovera nyika machinda makuru Russian, vanakomana vake nehama, kuti XII remakore kwakazokonzera rakapotsa disintegration of Old Russian mamiriro.

simba

Kuva nenguva yayo revatungamiriri nyika uye simba, kuti dzibate simba mhando iyi nokukurumidza vakatanga kurwisana zvoupfumi uye enyika rusununguko kubva pakati uye ichi kudziviswa kukura ukuru Russian. In zvose kumatunhu machinda worudzii Rurik (kunze Novgorod, izvo kare waimiririra chivakwa fananei Republic) aigona kuva changamire vatongi vakanga vaivimba zvavo administrative midziyo, ina serviceman mukirasi, uye vakagamuchira chikamu chinobva akaisa nenharaunda. Feudatories (vanokudzwa) ne mukuru vakuru vafundisi vaiva Boyar Duma - Consulting uye Advisory muviri. Prince aiva mukuru muridzi wenyika, mamwe raiva naye pachake, uye zvasara iye kuraswa sezvo mutongi miganhu, ikakamukana pakati demesne nefuma kereke, vakabata zvimiso boyars uye navaranda vavo.

Russian ukuru munguva kusabatana

Munguva kusabatana mu Russia socio-enyika Murongerwo kunobva kwegadziriro feudal manera. Kusvikira XII remakore Kievan Rus uye ukuru Russian pasi dzimwe hierarchies simba. Grand Muchinda Kiev vakaenda ari feudal akanyatsorongwa, ipapo chinzvimbo ichi inogona kuwanwa uye Galicia-Volyn Vladimir-Suzdal machinda. Central akanyatsorongwa inogarwa vatongi mikuru ukuru sezvo Chernigov, Polotsk, Vladimir-Volyn, Rostov-Suzdal, Turov-Pinsk, Smolensk, Murom-Ryazan, Galician. At yakadereresa pamwero vaiva vanokudzwa uye vatongi vari pasi pavo (anopa vanhu Untitled kwamachinda).

Pakazosvika pakati pezana remakore XI, chirongwa kuparadzwa makuru ukuru, uye pamwe zvikuru dzakabudirira zvokurima ukuru - Kyiv uye chernihiv kumatunhu. Sezvo kuguma pakutanga XII kusvikira XIII remakore, ichi muitiro ichichinja zvakasikwa chinoshamisa. Kumbonyanya nokukurumidza kusabatana yaiva Kiev, Chernigov, Murom-Ryazan, Turov-Pinsk zvemisoro. Mune zvishoma zvikuru dhigirii nayo nechokuita Smolensk hugota, asi muna Rostov-Suzdal uye Galicia-Volyn kwavabati izvi nguva kupwanya nguva alternated pamwe neshamwari pfupi pasi pesimba mutongi "vakuru". nguva yose iyi Novgorod nyika akakwanisa kuramba akaperera enyika.

vavengi

Munguva feudal kusabatana vakatanga kuridza rakakura basa-Russian zvose uye emunharaunda dzoumambo congresses. Vakakurukura dzomunyika uye kwokunze dzezvematongerwo enyika. Asi vakanga vasingagoni kumisa kupararira rikurumidze. nguva ino akatora mukana wechiTatar-Mongol vazhinji, nyika Russian uye kwavabati weRussia vaisagona kubatana mauto kukunda zvokunze kurwisa uye vakarasikirwa vamwe yakakura yawo kumaodzanyemba-yokumadokero uye vokumadokero nyika vakazochinja yakaparadzwa varwi Batu Khan muna XIII-XIV emakore akanga yakakunda Lithuania (Polotskoye, Kiev, Pereyaslavskoe, Chernigovskoye, Turovo-Pinsky, Smolenskoye, Vladimir-Volynskoye) uye Poland (Galitskoe). Pakanga chete nokugutsikana west Russia (Novgorod , Murom, Ryazan uye Vladimir nyika).

The chipo Russian umambo kushamwaridzana pakutanga. XIV uye n. Pakati XVI remakore. "Inounganidzwa" pedyo Moscow anofambisa hurumende yeRussia aita nzendo kuti kudzorerwa kubatana kwavo.

Russian feudal ukuru

National kuchikosheswa machinda Russian kwaiva kusunungurwa Russia kubvira pejoko Golden Horde uye upfumi kupora, uye kuti ndiite izvi zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti tibatane zvose, asi mumwe munhu aifanira kumira pakati. Panguva iyoyo, wakaratidza zviviri simba mutungamiri - Moscow uye Tver. Tver kwavabati rakaumbwa muna 1247 munguva yokutonga womuduku mukoma Aleksandra Nevskogo - Jaroslav Yaroslavovych. Pashure vake munin'ina afa, akava mubati Tver weutungamiriri (1263-1272 gg.), Izvo akanga kupfuura simba kuRussia. Zvisinei, zvakanga panotangira kubatanidzwa kwacho.

By XIV remakore nokukurumidza akakwira Moscow, pamberi vasvike wechiTatar-Mongol akanga zvishoma pamuganhu chinhu Vladimir-Suzdal kweutongi, asi mavambo XIV remakore akava enyika muzinda. Uye zvose, nokuti iye achiitei yakanaka chaizvo nenzvimbo chinzvimbo. Kubva kuchamhembe uye kumabvazuva mapoka afukidza Ryazan uye Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod kweutongi, kubva kuchamhembe kwakadziva - Novgorod uye Tver kwavabati. Forest akapoteredza Moscow vakanga safambika nokuda vamabhiza, kuti wechiTatar-Mongol. Naizvozvo, inflow zvokuwedzera muna Grand weutungamiriri of Moscow Russian yakawedzera substantially. Pane akatanga kukudziridza raanoziva uye kurima. Moscow akavawo muzinda simba venyika uye waterways, uye izvi zvakaita kuti basa, uye zvirongwa zvechiuto.

Moscow

Achishandisa rwizi Moscow uye Oka Duchy of Moscow wakapiwa Volga dzaro mutero kuburikidza zvakabatanidzwa Novgorod nyika. Usazviomesera nomutemo wemadzimambo Moscow machinda akapawo nemigumisiro yakanaka, sepavaigona kuwana pamusoro vamwe ukuru Russian uye nechechi. The muvambi Moscow machinda imba youmambo vakava Daniil Aleksandrovich - (. 1276-1303 gg) gotwe Aleksandra Nevskogo. Mukutonga kwake, hugota of Moscow yekudyidzana kwakawedzera ndima yayo. Muna 1301 nayo akatamira Kolomna, vakakunda muna Ryazan muchinda. Muna 1302, Pereyaslav muchinda, akanga asina vana, ikazopiwa pfuma yake Moscow. Muna 1303 muMoscow, akabatana Mozhaisk. Kwemakore matatu nekaviri mundima Moscow weutungamiriri, uye zvava rimwe remasangano ari kumusoro-kumabvazuva kweRussia.

Mozhaysk - ari kutanga Moscow River, uye Kolomna - pamuromo rwizi rakanga ichazotonga Moscow machinda. Pereslavl-Zaleski - mumwe yakaorera munzvimbo - pashure Kuenda kuMoscow hugota akasimbisa kwadzo simba. Naizvozvo, muchinda Moscow vakatanga kurwisana Tver ushe zvikuru. Sezvo mukuru nebazi Tver, Michael Yaroslavovich Prince akagamuchira Horde rworudyi pamusoro ushe zvikuru.

Zvadaro muMoscow anotonga Yury of Moscow, uyo akaroora hanzvadzi Khan Uzbek Konchak (pashure Rubhabhatidzo Agafia). Khan akamupa kodzero choumambo. Ipapo Michael muna 1315 akakunda kukupfura pamusoro Yuri uye akakunda wake, uyo akazofira Tver. Mikhail aurayiwa vakadamwa Horde. Muna 1325 George akauraya mwanakomana mukuru Mihaila Tverskogo - Akaoma Nana meso, pashure idzo dzakaparadzwa Khan Uzbek, sezvo Uzbek Khan vakatevera mumwe mutemo kufudza machinda Russian, somugumisiro Guru weutungamiriri pakati Tver akanga Duke Alexander Mikhailovich (1326-1327 gg.).

The chimurenga muna Tver

Muna 1327 makanga kwebope Tver pamusoro hama Uzbek the clicks. Vapanduki akauraya Tatars zhinji. Moscow Prince Ivan Danilovich Kalita (1325-1340 gg.), Vachishandisa kwekanguva, vakasvika Tver kuna wechiTatar-eMongolia uye akakurira vanhu akatsamwira. Kubvira ipapo, chaiyo pamusoro ushe huru waiva Moscow machinda. Kalita akakwanisa kuwana pedyo maererano vechechi muMoscow. Naizvozvo Metropolitan Peter akatamira kurarama muMoscow. Panguva iyoyo, Moscow yava kwete chete pfungwa, asiwo yechitendero muzinda Russia. Paitonga vanakomana Ivan Kalita vake kuvaSimeoni Proud (1340-1353 gg.) Uye Ivan Dzvuku (1353-1359 gg.) Kuna Duchy of Moscow akanga akabatana Kostroma, Dmitrov, Starodubsky nyika uye chikamu Kaluga nyika.

Don

Prince Dmitry (1359-1389 gg.) Aiva 9 makore akatanga mafambisirwo kuMoscow hugota. Zvakare, kutamburira chigaro Vladimir Grand. Vavengi Moscow vakatanga kutsigira pachena Horde. A chiratidzo kubudirira uye kukunda of Moscow weutungamiriri yakanga kuvakwa chena-ibwe Kremlin, waiva chete nhare uye ibwe masvingo kuchamhembe-kumabvazuva Russia. Kuburikidza Moscow uyu akakwanisa tirwise maruramiro-Russian zvose utungamiri ari Tver, Nizhny Novgorod uye dzinga kuti Omani Grand Duke Algirdas. In nyasha Moscow zvakachinja pakuenzanisa mauto mu Russia.

Zvino Horde kusvikira pakati XIV remakore unotanga nguva kwakaderera nechepakati simba uye kutamburira wavarindi choushe. Muna 1377 rwizi waiva akadhakwa kurwa kwemotokari apo Horde yakapwanyika Muscovite hondo. Asi gare gare gore muna 1378 pamusoro rwizi Vozha mauto Murza Begich akakunda Dmitry.

Hondo Kulikovo

Muna 1380 Khan Mamai akasarudza kudzorera kutonga enyika Russian Yechinwiwa Horde. Iye vabatana pamwe Omani Prince Jagiello, uye ivo kuRussia. Prince Dmitry panguva iyoyo vakaita zvakafanana unyanzvi wehondo. Akatamira kurutivi Tatars uye akayambuka Don, apo wokunzi muhondo nemuvengi ari kunharaunda yake. Chechipiri basa akanga kundorwa kupa Mamai chokubatanidza mauto pamwe Jagiello.

September 8, 1380 pazuva Hondo Kulikov mangwanani kwakanga kuine mhute, mazuva 11 chete dzakatanga mutambo wokuRussia murwi-mumongi Peresvet uye Tartar murwi Chelubey. Tatar kutanga vakatyora yepamusoro Russian chemazana chehondo, uye amai vangu nesimba, asi zvino akarova kubva parutivi vavandire hondo vehurumende Dmitry Bobrok-Volintsev uye Prince Vladimira Serpuhovskogo. By 15 o'clock pakurwa zvose pachena. Tatars vakatiza, uye nokuda generalship munorumbidzirweiko akatanga kudana Dmitri Donskoi. Hondo Kulikovo zvikuru vakashaisa simba Horde, iyo gare gare pakupedzisira akabvuma ukuru Moscow pamusoro nyika Russian.

Tokhtamysh

Mamay akatiza mushure kukundwa mu Kafu (Feodosiya), kwaakanga akaurayiwa. Mutongi Horde apo Khan akava Tokhtamysh. Muna ra1382 pakarepo akarwisa Moscow. Panguva Don aiva kunze kweguta, saka akaenda kuchamhembe kunotora vanhu vechibharo itsva. Vagari noushingi dzinorwiwa pakuronga kudzivirira Moscow. Somugumisiro, Tokhtamysh outsmarted kwavari, achivimbisa varege zvinopambwa guta, uye kuti kurwa chete kuzorwa Don. Asi, vaimhanyira kuMoscow, akakunda guta, akachifukidza mutero.

Asati afa, Don akapa kodzero yokutonga huru Vladimir kumwanakomana wake Vasily I, pasina vachibvunza Horde pamusoro chitaridzi chaipo. Saka akabatanidza ukuru Russian - Moscow uye Vladimir.

Katya

Muna 1395 mutongi Vaeriy Tamerlane, yakakunda Central Asia, Persia, Siberia, Baghdad, India, Turkey, akaenda Horde uiparadze, uye akabva atamira Moscow. Basil I panguva ino akaunganidza varwi vari Kolomna. MuMoscow kubva Vladimir vakauya Mutsigiri Russian munyika - icon of Vladimir Amai vaMwari. Kana yechipiri rweguta Katya akaenda Moscow uye vakagara munzvimbo Yelets, shure kwechinguva, pakarepo achinja pfungwa dzake kuenda kuRussia. Maererano nengano, zviri chokuita Chiitiko Kurota Katya dzakawanda Mother Mary.

Feudal hondo uye Union of Florence

Pakafa Basil I pamugumo wenyika XIV remakore, kurwisana pakati ukuru Russian uye negakava, inonzi "feudal hondo." Muna Moscow hugota pakati navanakomana vake pashure vazukuru Dmitry Donskoy aiva muhondo ive choumambo chaiye. Somugumisiro, akaenda Vasily II Dark, Muscovy zvadarika iyi nokuda ka30.

Basil II akaramba kugamuchira mubatanidzwa (1439) uye kumira pasi chete ndiro rine chokwadi papa. mubatanidzwa Izvi zvavakatemerwa pasi chokumupomera rokuponesa Russia kubva Byzantium, hweOttoman. Russia Metropolitan Isidore (chiGiriki), vaitsigira mubatanidzwa, akanga pakarepo akabviswa. Zvino Metropolitan Bishop Jona akava Ryazan. Yakanga kutanga rusununguko yeRussian Orthodox Church of Patriarchate weConstantinople.

Pashure pokukundwa Constantinople nokuda kuvaOttoman muna 1453, musoro yeRussian Church akatanga kutsanangura muMoscow. Church Orthodox nokushingaira dzakatsigira kutamburira kubatana munyika Russian. Zvino kurwira simba havana kuparadzanisa ukuru Russian, uye iye akafamba mukati machinda imba. Asi paumbwe Great Russian mamiriro vakava kusingarapiki, uye vose vakava azivikanwa guru Moscow.