"Robinson Crusoe": bhuku wongororo. Defoe "The Adventures cheRobinson Crusoe": Wongororo

Chirungu munyori Daniel Defoe (1660-1731) muna 1719 akanyora yokufungidzira vanoda "The Life uye Adventures pamusoro Robinson Crusoe, mumwe mutyairi kubva York." World mabhuku anoziva mienzaniso mizhinji uchinzvera Genre - chinofadza enganonyorwa, novellas uye nyaya pfupi. vanyori vakadai anoshamisa Louis Bussenar, Arthur Conan Doyle, Fenimor Kuper nevamwe, akapa nyika mabasa usingafi zvakanyorwa panguva dzakasiyana uye kunyange mumazana emakore akasiyana. Adventure Genre - ndeimwe yenzvimbo mukurumbira mabhuku kuitika, uye Daniel Defoe ari chikoro nhengo uchinzvera yokufungidzira kubva mangwanani nguva. Mushure kusunungurwa yokufungidzira "Robinson Crusoe" kwaiteverwa vakawanda wongororo akasiyana-siyana, asi ivo vose vane chimwe chinhu chakafanana - chigadzirwa kwave kuchizivikanwa hunoshamisa.

The yakanakisisa nganonyorwa kuti ushingi Genre

Anobudirira zvikuru basa munyori vaiona "Robinson Crusoe". Reviews mubhuku zvisingatongogoni mediocre, saka nguva vaverengi pavanoona incredible adventures kuti rawira nyore mutyairi kubva chengarava muguta York. Nhoroondo iri hapana chakasiyana chiito-kuitika, upenyu pamusoro mugwenga chitsuwa yokufungidzira gamba pakabuda zvishoma nezvishoma uye tichishandisa chinyararire, asi kwaiva kunzwa netariro, hapana mukana itibatsire mamiriro ezvinhu akarurama kunonakidza chaizvo kuita nyaya kutapwa wechikepe ainzi Robinson Crusoe. Reviews mubhuku kunosiya vaverengi vemazera ose. Vazhinji vavo kunzwira tsitsi nomwoyo wose mufambi pakutambudzika, muchitenda kuti akanga rombo rakaipa zvinouraya.

pakaputsikira ngarava

Writer anonzwira tsitsi gamba rake uye anoedza kuita chinhu kuti vamubatsire. Sailor kwete chete vakapukunyuka panguva dutu, asiwo rwawana anobatsira zvinhu aparara. Izvi - maturusi, zvinhu, zvomumvura midziyo - mune ramangwana anobatsira Robinson. A upfu rakaoma casks, yakawanikwa vakawanda vaiva mungarava, akaita kuti zvibvire kuti vawane zvokudya muchimiro mutambo. Uye nokuda kwechikonzero chakanaka kuongorora vakachengeteka zvavo gunpowder reserves Robinson Crusoe. Reviews bhuku hakusi pachena sezvo zvichiita sokuti pakutanga kuaona. Vamwe vaverengi vanofunga kuti mufambi asingadi kukuvara, nekusiyana, iko kutapwa akaita chipo - kwakapa mukana kurarama rusununguko, kure budiriro uye kumhanya-mhanya. Vamwe kunyange vanoona chinoshamisa kuti Robinson aiedza kuvaka chikepe, kuti nokukurumidza kusiya chitsuwa pasingagarwi. Ndokupi, vanoti, vanhu vachakwanisa kuwana runyararo uye kudzikama, kana kwete mugungwa, pachitsuwa yomusango.

Zvinouraya pesvedzero wematambudziko

Kana ukaverenga basa Daniel Defoe nokungwarira, unogona kuronda muenzaniso - Adventures cheRobinson Crusoe kwakaitika kunyange vasati vekupedzisira, yenhamo rwendo, nekuti akanga munyaya dzakawanda Reisen, uye vose yakaguma kuputsika. Izvozvo yakabva vamwe dombo, ngozi akavigwa mukudzika kwegungwa, kana kuti kupiwa sefungu pamhenderekedzo pachena pakati chitsuwa pasingagarwi. Uye tinogona kufunga kuti kana gungwa rwendo kune mhenderekedzo Africa muna September a1659 haasi pamusoro nengarava uye dzakaguma zvakanaka, ipapo zvichida Robinson Crusoe, kuti mutyairi kubva York, makaita mumwe kuedza kuyambuka gungwa. Uye saizvozvo aizoramba ari bedzi, pashure zvose, vangadai vasina akandwa kunze pamahombekombe ane chitsuwa pasingagarwi mutsaona muchikepe, izvo nechikepe. Fate akanga kare raireva kuti, uye akanga chete kumirira dutu, pasinei nhoroondo wekushandisa. Chii, chokwadi, akaita Robinson Crusoe. Reviews bhuku kusiiwa mafeni pamusoro yokufungidzira, uye anosanganisira izvi. Vaverengi vakawanda vanofunga kuti "njodzi haana kuenda." Zvisinei, ngozi zvausingazivi anofanira kumisa munhu kana haadi kufa, uye vazhinji adventures pakati Robinson Crusoe, achine kumudzidzisa nokungwarira. Kunyange zvazvo munyori haana Defoe rinojekesa kuti hunhu hwake vakadzidza kubva pazvikanganiso.

Bhuku "Robinson Crusoe"

uchinzvera Genre akabata basa rimwe tonic iri muverengi zvakatipoteredza, mumabhuku rechi17. Mumazuva iwayo zvakanga zvisiri tsika uchatamisa mabhuku paruoko kuisa. Mabhuku yakatengwa iwayo aparadzirwe muzvitoro zvemabhuku uye pashure kuverenga vakaiswa pamusoro raibhurari pasherefu, apo aiva makore uye emakore. Asi zvimwe, vose vapfumi dzimba uye bhuku dzokugara pakati-kirasi "Robinson Crusoe" yagara iri pachena zvikuru, uye kunyange zvakawanda unokudzwa nzvimbo. Nechepedyo paiva nemamwe mabasa Defoe, asi ivo havana kuteerera. The nganonyorwa "Robinson Crusoe" mumazuva iwayo ungadai wakanzi chakanakisisa-nokutongesa, kana izwi akanga kwatova.

pfupiso

Daniel Defoe nganonyorwa "Robinson Crusoe" iri kwayo nechivako zvinoreva chehupenyu mabhuku mabasa. Zano iri kukudziridzwa zvichinyatso enderana ne wainyatsotaura "girafu": wacho pakutanga rinounza pamahombekombe ane chitsuwa murenje, uye zvino otanga Stock zvose zvinodiwa kuti upenyu. The zvemo vari cannibals, akatanga nechikepe nguva nenguva kuchitsuwa Robinson apo Crusoe kare nyanzvi, akavaka stockade pamba ake uye zvakanaka zvombo.

Mukuru basa nokuda chakaparadzwa mutyairi kusuka akakwira pakachitsuwa mugwenga, kwaiva kuwana nzira mugodhi zvokudya. Kanenge, zvakanga aifanira kuva banga, yauchaita kuwana, uye tsuro, uye kuchera gomba kuti moto. Chechipiri - iri moto. Zvinoreva flints zvakafanira uye sorwonzi. Nguva yokutanga Robinson akanetseka - raiva chinhu. Asi pashure penguva yakati akakwanisa kusvika muchikepe, rakabayirwa shallows, uye kuwana zvose unofanira kuti upenyu. In yakaputeni kabhini akaratidza matura endarama, izvo zvinoita kuti Robinson asina kushandiswa nokuti, asi iye vakaiswa pachitsuwa navo. Yaiva mhando anotikurudzira kuti kununura - kwete kubviswa sezvo upfumi.

upenyu kunyatsozivana

Zvishoma nezvishoma, ari yokufungidzira Danielya Defo kuti "Robinson Crusoe" raiva nomusoro zvakanaka. Vagari vacho nepurazi, akabatwa anenge ngururu zvose pachitsuwa, uye rinoabatanidza rive boka. Paakaziva kuti mhuka dzinofanira zvokudya nguva, uye zviri zvikuru unotambudza, ngavapfige kunyika dzesango. Sezvineiwo, mbudzi vakanga vajaira nzvimbo itsva uye havana kuenda. Zvino Robinson aigara mukaka uye chizi.

Kurota zuva kana zvichiita kushambira kubva pachitsuwa, Crusoe akawana yake muimba mbiru, izvo zvinoita kuti notch ose zuva. Pakarepo ndinofanira kutaura kuti notches aifanira kuita kwemakore 28, saka kuti rimwe danda hadzishandi.

Upenyu kugadziridzwa zvishoma nezvishoma, Robinson akazviratidza chihwenga, zvaakanga adzidza kutaura uye ipapo whiled kure aine akangwara shiri manheru refu. Uye paunofunga kuti vaigara naye imbwa uye zvitatu katsi, ane Crusoe anhonga chikepe, upenyu hwake akatanga akafanana zvikuru akanaka kuvapo, izvo dzichikanganisa periodic kurwisa Aboriginal nevamwe, yakakura, zvitsuwa. Zvakangoitikawo kuti cannibals vakasarudza chitsuwa Robinson nokuda pamitambo yavo. Vakauya wacho mushure tsika nziyo uye vachitamba akaidya vachikudza vanamwari vavo. Robinson pamusoro savages havana kuteerera.

Kamwe vanopandukira Crusoe kubva cannibals inotevera akuvara, uye ivo pachavo vakatiza. Kununurwa wechidiki muabhorijini akaritumidza Chishanu. Sezvo Robinson Crusoe akazviratidza shamwari dzakavimbika uye mubatsiri. dambudziko kusurukirwa akarega kuvapo.

Native mitauro mano

Chinhu chokutanga Robinson akasarudza kudzidzisa Chirungu Chishanu. Savage akaratidza Kurondedzerwa mudzidzi. Iye akateerera Muponesi ake ose uye nokukurumidza akatanga kufambira mberi. Apo Chishanu tolerably vakadzidza kutaura Chirungu, akaudza zvinhu zvakawanda zvinonakidza pamusoro upenyu uye netsika chizvarwa rudzi. Pashure idzi Robinson Crusoe rakatanga simba idzva kutsvaka nzira kuvaka ngarava uye ichifamba kumba.

Akakwanisa kuisa pamwe chikepe mapuranga, kushambidzwa pamahombekombe kubva muchikepe, mungarava kumwe kure kure nedutu. Uye Robinson kunyange akaita pamakumbo shoma pasi nechikepe akapoteredza chitsuwa. Chishanu akanga muchikepe sezvo helmsman. Asi kamwe mhepo ikavhuvhuta igwa mugungwa, uye Robinson, murayiro akatya, kwangopera vakakwanisa kudzokera kuchitsuwa. Pashure chiitiko ichi, akamira kushambira.

kununurwa

Rimwe zuva, mugumo akamunzwira tsitsi uye akatuma kununura - chikwata kubva Chirungu zvikepe unopfuura. Vafambisi vakakakatira mukuru uye mubatsiri wake chitsuwa nokuda wazvakaitika. Robinson akakwanisa kutaurirana navo, uye mushure chikwata vakasarudza mibvunzo yavo, ngarava akaisa kosi kuti nemahombekombe Albion. Yaiva June 11, 1686.

Kudzokorora Robinson Crusoe

The maonero vaverengi rinonzi chikuru hunhu chinoreva zvakawanda. Vazhinji vanodavira gamba Robinson raMwari, kwete kuputswa zvinetso. Vamwe vaverengi vanoedza kuedza pamusoro basa kungova mugarandoga pachitsuwa, nharo kuti vaizokwanisa kutsungirira zvose matambudziko atsungirira parutivi seaman mugove, uye kubuda pamwe nokukudzwa kubva mamiriro ezvinhu kana kuti kwete.