Revival: Chii Renaissance, uye chii vari nemigumisiro yayo?

Nhoroondo Europe anoziva unokosha zviitiko uye mananara, akawanda izvo zvachose anochinja mufananidzo wenyika kwevagari vayo. Mumwe kwawakabva izvi raiva Renaissance. Chii Renaissance (mazwi aya noenderana)?

The chikuru zviri Renaissance

Revival akatumidza yaitonga chakatsiva Middle Ages. Kubva XIV remakore mune dzimwe nzvimbo (kunyanya mu Italy) kwave kukura tsika. Akashandura kuva vanhu kufarira nhoroondo yavo uye kare. Izviwo, zvakazoita kuti kukura zivo yesayenzi, kuparadzirwa Humanism uye kufarira kune munhu munhu.

Chimwe chikonzero kutanga azvaiitwa kwaiva kuwa Constantinople. The Byzantine Empire, zvakanga kwatova kwemakore ane chiuru, akawira pasi kudenha vaMuslim vokuTurkey. VaGiriki Vazhinji vasingadi akatengesa kutenda kwechiKristu uye vakatizira Western Europe. Masayendisiti vakatora navo mabhuku ekare, ayo nokukurumidza akashandurwa yechiLatin uye emarudzi nemitauro. izvi zvose yaisunda Renaissance. Chii Renaissance muItaly? Ndirwowo kwaita itsva makirasi evanhu, zvakanga yakazvimirira yekare feudal hukama mukati poumambo.

Vakawanda vokuItaly chinoda chamuita kuti vokubhengi, masayendisiti uye vamwe vanhu hutsva mhando. Pakati pavo akaberekwa Humanism - the kufarira vanhu uye unhu. Pakutanga kwaiva chikoro diki vazivi.

Zvisinei, vanova nzvimbo itsva kwesainzi uye nounyanzvi. In Italy, zvakatanga kukura kudhinda uye zvitsva unyanzvi nezvimiro. Chinhu chinonakidza kwaikosha kuti iri dzidzo akatanga kupa mari kuti tycoons omunharaunda uye mhuri nesimba dzakakwirira mambure ukoshi.

Inzvimbo Renaissance Florence uye Roma akatanga. Pope Julius II akaita zvakawanda nechokwadi chokuti "guta kusingaperi" aishanda mukuru creators nenguva. Pasina ake zvebhizimisi Zvakaoma kufungidzira Renaissance. Chii chinorehwa rakawedzera pfungwa Church kusvika Painters uye vavezi vemabwe? Izvi zvakaratidza kuti vaigona kusika, achitsigirwa kupfuura vane vanhu muItaly. Pakati pavo paiva vatenzi akadai Michelangelo uye Raphael. Renaissance Painters akasika zvikuru mifananidzo uye Pamifananidzo ose zvebhaibheri mifananidzo. mabasa avo zvino shongedza makereke akawanda uye mamiziyamu Europe yose.

Leonardo da Vinci

World Renaissance tsika kwaizova kwakakwana pasina Leonardo da Vinci. Its hunoshamisa kuratidza mifananidzo akakunda vakararama uye kuramba vakashamiswa vanhu XXI remakore. Uyezve, inozivikanwa se muvambi. pfungwa dzake pamusoro makore akawanda kupfuura Renaissance. Ko murume? Akunoita uye kupi nzvimbo yake? All mibvunzo iyi kubvunza mukuru wokuItaly.

Renaissance vemifananidzo vakanga vasingatongosviki kunda ake "Mona Lisa." mufananidzo uyu akava chiratidzo pfungwa runako uye zvakakwana pasi rose.

Revival mune dzimwe nyika dzokuEurope

Late Renaissance historiography akadana yechipiri yezana XVI remakore. Panguva iyoyo, unyanzvi uye tsika nemagariro vakatamira kuvandudza, kwete chete muItaly asiwo dzimwe nyika dzakawanda dzokuEurope. Renaissance nzvimbo dzaiva Germany, Netherlands uye England.

The British vanozvikudza dzavo yakakurumbira countryman Renaissance - William Shakespeare. Pasina iye, rumutsiriro kwemabhuku kwaizova kukwana. comedies ake uye nenjodzi vava isingachinji Classics yacho yemitambo.

kutendeuka

yezvechitendero Christian Martin Luther ndeimwe anokosha inofananidza of Renaissance. This German akanga asingafari pamwe Catholic Church. hurukuro yake pokufumura vapristi vane uori uye zvechitendero zvakaipa, vakaunganidza zviuru vateereri.

Luther kunyanya dzinotyisa akatsoropodza mitemo itsva, maererano iyo vaKristu vaigona kutenga mari dzezvivi (kuregererwa kwezvivi). Pfungwa muparidzi yakakurumbira kwakaguma 95 zvichemo. October 31, 1517, Martin akarembera pamusoro pamukova chechi mutaundi wokuGermany Wittenberg. Ichi chiitiko wakakurumbira akazova chiratidzo pakutanga Yokuchinja.

Saka akadana basa reformatting yeRoma. VaKristu German akatanga kutsoropodza Rome nokuda inertia ake uye Rumhangapanga. Izvi zvakaita kuti vakawanda kurwisana dzechitendero. The apotheosis yokurwisana pakati pevaKaturike nevaPurotesitendi aiva Yemakore Makumi Matatu War 1618-1648 gg.

The kurwisa kuvimba nechechi kwakatungamirira kuti European vanhu zvava rokunyika. Vamwe nguva Mapurotesitenzi vaiva akaoma chaizvo chinzvimbo. Vakawanda vavo vari XVII remakore akaenda North America, uko ivo vakakwanisa kusika nzanga zvechokwadi itsva.