Provincial kuchinja muna 1775. Provincial kuchinja zvinhu Catherine 2

Kurambidza murimi mudiki nokusagadzikana, Catherine II muna 1775 akasarudza kuvandudza chokuita omunharaunda utungamiriri. danho Izvi zvakaita kuti wakajeka weboka yose ndima Russian Empire. Hwava rakakamurwa administrative dzakabatana, izvo takatsunga maererano nokuwanda dzinonzi vemo kubhadhara mutero-(vanhu mitero). Remasangano aya mudunhu.

Reform pamusoro 1708

Maererano nomurayiro Peter I 18 December, wose umambo yakakamurwa kupinda 8 enyika: Moscow, Smolensk, Azov, Arkhangelogorodskaya, Kazan, Siberian, Kiev uye Ingermanland kuti pashure 2 years Yakazopiwa zita rokuti St. Petersburg. Vakanga chomurume magavhuna akagadzwa namambo. Panguva yakadaro zvinzvimbo yemanyorero aizviti vanokudzwa zvikuru. Vanowana rechiuto, administrative, nezvakatongwa simba rakakura. Mukuwedzera, vanopiwa mukana kutarisira mari muruwa rwake.

Mumakore akatevera kuuya namakore, pane 3 zvikuru administrative dzakabatana: Riga, Astrakhan uye Nizhny Novgorod. Provincial zvinhu Petro I ruoko kwemakore mashoma. Muna 1715, mamwe kuchinja vakaitwa kuti hurumende dzematunhu. Ivo kwaisanganisira fractional weboka enyika, izvo hwaibva Statistical musimboti, kureva. E. Uwandu nemhuri. Muna 1719, izvi administrative dzakabatana akatanga kukamurwa enyika. Gare gare, vakanga vapesana. Zvakaguma 250 mumaruwa, izvo inotongwa nemagavhuna.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kuchinja basa rokutarisira guru hwendarira sezvo chirevo Petro I, uye iye gore 1708. The kudunhu kuchinja yakanga zvainanga kufadza anoitwa kuti mashandiro management munyika. Panguva iyoyo zvaionekwa anenge kupayona.

Catherine chinangwa kutendeuka

Huru bepa, izvo akatsunga abate inotevera zvinhu kuRussia, aiva gwaro rakanzi "Institutions nokuda kurapa enyika yeRussian Empire." Ndinofanira kutaura kuti uri avaida zvinhu anosarudza Catherine II, nharaunda yacho, zvichienzaniswa Petro nguva, akanga atova vakawanda administrative nzvimbo. Izvi imhaka yokuti umambo kuti nguva dzose kuwedzera munyika itsva.

Provincial zvinhu mu Russia, akatanga Catherine II, chaiva zvokuchinja 23 mumatunhu, 66 mumatunhu uye vanenge 180 nemaruwa. Chinangwa chacho chaiva kuwedzera uwandu yaiona guru nzvimbo. Somugumisiro, nhamba yacho inenge kaviri.

kupatsanurana

Yose umambo yakakamurwa kuva matunhu, uye ipapo kune mumaruwa. Izvi kunoitika chete iri administrative hwaro, pasina Panyaya chero zvoupfumi, nenzvimbo uye omunyika zvinhu. Provincial kuchinja zvinhu Catherine 2 yakadzinganisa chinangwa chete - kuchinja mutsva administrative midziyo kuti mapurisa uye fiscal mitoro.

Kuparadzana kwakaitika pamusoro quantitative nzira, kureva. E. The nhamba yevanhu. Saka, mundima imwe neimwe dunhu kumusha waiva vanhu vanenge zviuru 400, uye ari County -. 30 zviuru. Pashure dzakatevedzana transformations kuti kwakaitika kubvira 1728 kusvika 1760, chidhiraivho vekare chapedzwa. Uyewo chabvisa amachinda kuchinja uye miganhu dzakabatana zvakadai enyika.

utariri

Panotangira makurusa miganhu dzakabatana dzaiva magavhuna, izvo zvinogona kupiwa kana kubviswa chete mambo. Akabatsirwa kutarisira hurumende dzematunhu, zvinosanganisira gweta uye mbiri vezana. Fiscal uye zvemari zvakanangana rakabata Exchequer. Education uye utano akakwanisa mirairo pachena rudo. The legality zvakare amakavaitira maviri magweta gweta.

Provincial kuchinja zvinhu Catherine 2 akagunzva uye dzekushumira eruwa. Ikoko, akamira pamusoro Zemsky mupurisa uyo akasarudza veko vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata. Paivawo miviri seboka, akadana zemstvo matare yakaderera. Kuwedzera mukuru wemapurisa, uye paiva assessors maviri. The omurume Matare akanga Zemsky mapurisa. Chinhu basa ravo kuongorora Implementation zviri muhurongwa uye mundima pasi pavo sarudzo uye nemitemo dzematunhu mapuranga siyana. Asi pamaguta pane mumhanyi itsva - mukuru wemapurisa.

Management makuru miganhu dzakabatana akawanda akanga akatakurwa gavhuna. Vaiva vatungamiri vakuru munzvimbo idzi, kana pakanga pasina mambo pachake, uye aiva nekodzero kupinda kwete chete matanho kunoshamisa, asi mbune nemishumo kuna mambo.

Ndinofanira kutaura kuti centralized simba raiva inokosha chaizvo gore 1775. The kudunhu kuchinja kwakaita mberi vakaisimbisa. Saka kugova nharaunda yacho, zviri zvikuru yabatanidza nzvimbo administrative vashandi vayo munharaunda dzose. Mukuwedzera, nechinangwa ichocho kurongazve nyaya ino, uyewo dzinokosha miviri vakasikwa kuti mapurisa uye kuri mabasa.

yaida nokubatanidzwazve

Muna 1769, ivo Legislative Commission, vakaedza pachiyero mumatunhu zviparadzanise mabasa dzekushumira uye matare. Kuti aite izvi, izvozvo vakaronga kusika mana-pamwero hurongwa, izvo zvingasanganisira dzoruwa uye dzematunhu Orders, mudunhu raspravnye Chamber uye neDare ndiro dare rokukwirira.

Muguta taida chengeta amachinda muvanze vehurumende. Mukuwedzera, sangano yave yakarongwa vanhu vakaderera Matare - oga kuti vanhuwo zvavo uye vanokudzwa. Pane imwe nhengo Conference akataura kuti miedzo vave akazarurwa uye paruzhinji. Asi panguva imwe chete, vakatsigira uye pakasikwa mukirasi zvikepe. Ndicho ichi hunyambiri maitiro uye kumisa, pakupedzisira, kuparadzana matare mashandiro anoita hurumende. Vevatariri vaiziva kuti kudzivirira neropafadzo uye chinzvimbo chinokosha vavakuru aingova zvinogoneka tichibatsirwa kupindira kutarisira. Pasinei neizvi, vakawanda vaitaura kwakaita Legislative Commission, vave chakaunzwa tsika, kana kutanga amachinda kuchinja zvinhu 1775.

kuparadzana midziyo

Muna 1769, dzimwe nhengo dzeParamende Ndagadzira rugwaro, iyo yaidzorwa nheyo zvokutonga kodzero. Yaifanira kusika zvimwe midziyo: kunotenga, kubata brokerage uye kuvatengesi namabasa; anokosha - akanga mutariri tsika matambudziko; mhosva, mapurisa uye zvavo - vaiita "deaneries"; zvokunamata - vaiona womukati chechi zvine chokuita nomutemo uye kutenda; nemauto - munyaya mhosva mabasa machinda.

Mapurisa, mhosva uye matare vehurumende kuti zvinogoverwa maererano miganhu musimboti - mumaguta uye kumaruwa. All vaifanira kupinda rwakafanana-weDanho matatu hurongwa kuzviisa pasi: enyika - ruwa - province. Zvinonzi zvakare taitarisira kuti zvandakatonga zviremera vachakwanisa vaongorore mirairo kuuya kubva chehurumende, maererano National kukosha. Uyezve, matare madhorobha nemaruwa aifanira kuitwa vakasarudzwa uye litigation - rakavhurika. Vose vaitaura izvi kwakaitwa Commission panguva, vaiva zvikuru nokuda kukasaitwa rokutonga kuchinja mu Russia muna 1775.

Boka hurongwa

Sezvambotaurwa, tinoshandurwa zvakakanganisa administrative midziyo kwete chete. Provincial kuchinja vakatama iye uye kuchinja nyaya ino. It kwete chete nekutaura asiwo kupfuura yabatanidza weboka vanhu vakaderera hwaro.

● anokosha matare kuti kwamachinda dzakatangwa neimwe County. Ivo raiva mutongi uye vaviri assessors. Vanosarudzwa ne dzomunzvimbo kwamachinda kwenguva 3 years. High dzeMatunhu Matare vakaita basa matare appellate uye yaiva madhipatimendi zviviri zvinobatanidzwa masangano uye mhosva nyaya. Vaiva chete vari yose mudunhu uye yaiva nevanhu vaviri - sachigaro uye ake nemutevedzeri vanogadzwa mambo. Vaikwanisa kuitisa audits uye kuongorora mabasa dzamavanze yoruwa.

● Matare maduku mumaguta vave vatongi. nhengo dzavo dziri vanosarudzwa kuti rokuti 3 years. Nokuti izvi nezvikepe appellate zviitiko zvaiva dzematunhu vehurumende. It rinoumbwa sachigaro uye vaviri assessors 2 vaibva munharaunda.

● In rezasi kudunhu mutongi vachiurayiwa ehurumende vanhuwo zvavo. Pane kunzwa wehurumende uye mhosva. Vaiita machinda avo vakagadzwa nezviremera. Court rokukwirira nokuda akaderera simbi pamusoro mhirizhonga. Nyaya takaitwa chete mari yechibatiso, waiva simba kuti vhiki imwe.

● mudunhu kuchinja uye makasimbiswa vanonzi matare nehana. Vakanga zvakare kuvakwa panheyo vanhu vakaderera. Vaisanganisira nhengo kwamachinda uye vanhu vomuguta uye vanhuwo zvavo. Miedzo iyi Zvaiitirwa inonzi reconciliatory nerevane (akabatsira kugadzirisa kusawirirana pakati claimants). Uyezve, avo basa, uye anokosha zvekufamba pamusoro pemhosva zvakaitwa anopenga vanhu kana vana. It akaongororawo uye zviitiko uroyi.

● In ematunhu Auditing uye kumatare appellate vaiva Trial Chamber zvose mhosva uye vehurumende zviitiko. Ivo akaongorora zvinotaurwa kuuya kwavari kubva High Provincial Courts uye kuurayiwa, uyewo kubva mumaruwa vatongi. Kazhinji, rokukwirira vakanga vaine dhipoziti guru zvakakwana.

● Dare aiva soro vose zvokutonga zvomukati.

Saka chii zvimwe zvinofadza dzematunhu kuchinja Catherine 2 (gore 1775)? Panguva kuti kuedza wokutanga inotungamirira dhipatimendi roruvanze kwaitwa. Asi haana kubudirira. Magavhuna vachiri kukwanisa kufurira achiurayiwa zvirevo Somuenzaniso, musi yezve kukudzwa, kana rufu. Court mapurezidhendi vakagadzwa nezviremera, vamiririri matunhu aiva nekodzero vasanangurwa chete assessors. Muzviitiko zvizhinji vauye mapurisa guta. Uyezve, anoita uye patrimonial kururamisira.

mabasa

mapurisa Kutarisira zvinokurukurwa pamisangano yacho Legislative Commission, pamberi vatange dzematunhu kuchinja. Year 1771 pakataurwa pakapera chirongwa, raisanganisira pakusikwa madhipatimendi mapurisa mumaguta. Vaifanira kuva chairema kuchengetedza runyararo.

Mapurisa akanga mhosva kudzvinyirira mabasa siyana yokusazvibata. Somuenzaniso, izvi zvinogona kuva womanizing, kupesana, kunyanya kuratidzwa muumbozha, kutsanya dzokutyaira kana kutyora murayiro panguva mabasa naMwari uye mudungwe. Police vaivawo nekodzero kudzora mitambo yakasiyana-siyana, ona kutengeserana pamisika uye kuchena maguta, nzizi, zvokudya, mvura uye nevamwe vakawanda. and unto.

By mapurisa Mabasa zvinosanganisirawo moto kurwa, mbavha Vagabonds, muchivande misangano nezvimwewo vakaipa. Rinotaurawo yacho. dzokutengeserana mitemo uye zviri pakati mumaresitorendi. Uyezve, mapurisa mabasa zvaisanganisira kudzora mitero, madhorobha kuronga uye sangano zviitiko siyana.

mapurisa

Provincial kuchinja Catherine 2. vakatanga The gore 1775 akagovera kusikwa dzinoverengeka chinokosha nemapurisa. Asi chirongwa "ari Charter pamusoro deanery" kwakapedzwa makore 6 chete. Gore rakatevera, izvozvo rakabudiswa. Chaiva 14 zvitsauko uye 274 nyaya. bumbiro iri inorondedzera nemamiriro mapurisa, maitiro avo, chikuru zvinoumba basa, uyewo mazita mabasa vari kurangwa.

Vezvemitemo simba muguta kanzuru akava deanery. Kuwanda vashandi vayo vaiva Rathmann kwemakanzura, mapurisa munyaya vose mhosva uye vehurumende zviitiko, meya (kana mukuru mukuru) uye mukuru wemapurisa.

Zvivanakire, guta rose muzvikamu kumativi uye zvikamu (chikamu kwakaitika nhamba zvivako). mapurisa dhipatimendi mukuru konisitebhuru yaiva muchidimbu, uye wokutanga kota - mutariri. mamakisi vose vakanga vari "Zviri mapoka." Vakaenda Mapurisa dzematunhu zviremera. Pavanondirwisa kusarudza mibvunzo zvose chokuita zvaizopedza kana kuenda zvinzvimbo. Police muguta guru kunotongwa chete neDare Seneti.

mhosva

The "Charter kuti tsika" akanga akanyorwa dzinoverengeka zvigumbuso uye zvirango, izvo zvinofanira kuva mutariri mapurisa. Heano mamwe acho:

● zviito chokuita asiri zvaidiwa mitemo uye mapurisa masimba;

● mabasa nechinangwa pamusoro nokunamata nokutenda Orthodox, uye yose;

● pfumbamuromo;

● mabasa kuti kutyora runyararo;

● Zviito dzinopesana nemitemo tsika, akadai kubheja, wairambidza zvinomiririra, kudhakwa, vachipika, zvivako pasina mvumo, kusazvibata;

● tsotsi basa rinotungamirirwa pamusoro huripo murayiro, enzvimbo wacho uye nevamwe.

Mapurisa vane kodzero anoshanda Vanotyora mutemo pamusoro zvirango chete kuti zvikanganiso shoma Somuenzaniso, nokuti zvisiri pamutemo ive nezvombo, kuba pfuma, kuita pamusoro Orthodoxy mitemo netsika mitemo, uye zvichingodaro. D. Asi kupfuura zvose mapurisa rinobatanidzwa rokutanga kuongorora uye haizopereri kuchinjwa mashoko inounganidzwa mumatare. The chete chinhu hazvina kushanda, saka zvakaita enyika mhosva. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, paiva nevamwe miviri.

Provincial kuchinja zvinhu Catherine 2 vakabatsira kuparadzana anemasimba nezvakatongwa masimba. makirasi All, kunze nhare, akatanga kutora mamwe chaizvo dzomunzvimbo utungamiriri. Uyewo dare ake rakavambwa mumwe nomumwe wavo. Mukuwedzera, amachinda kuchinja hwogumisa nokushanda zvinenge zvose mumakoreji. Anosiyiwa vakanga chete chinonyanya kukosha - Foreign, Defense uye Admiralty. Mabasa liquidated mapuranga vaitamira amachinda zviremera.