Physiocrats - ndiani ichi? vamiririri Physiocrats

In zvoupfumi pfungwa XVI remakore muEurope yava ndavhiyiwa kuchinja: vakatanga kushingaira kutsvaka yokungotaura capitalist manyuko upfumi. Ino inotambudza nguva iri zvakarurama vaiona nguva chinyakare kuunganidza guta, munguva umo nyika dzokuEurope vakatanga kuchinjanisa uye kuwedzera enyika, uye zvichingodaro. D. Panguva iyi bourgeoisie recaptures chinzvimbo, kwete chete enyika asiwo mune dzezvoupfumi.

Panguva iyoyowo, uye pakava yezwi dzekare dzidziso dzinonzi kuFrance, uko kwaiva chikoro pakati Physiocrats, muvambi raiva yakakurumbira Fransua Kene.

Chii physiocracy uye vari physiocrats?

Pfungwa yokuti 'physiocracy "rinobva kwemapazi rechiGiriki rokuti" physis ", iro rinoshandurudza se" zvisikwa "uye" kratos ", izvo zvinoreva simba, simba, kutonga. Physiocracy - zita rimwe zvikuru nevanhu nzvimbo dzinonzi dzenhoroondo enyika upfumi, uye Physiocrats - kuti, maererano, vamiririri ichi muitiro. Pasinei nokuti chikoro pacharo dzakatangira France muna pakati XVIII remakore (muna 1750, maererano matsime vakawanda), apo nyika iri kukurumidza kukura dambudziko iri feudal ino, shoko rokuti "Physiocrats" akatanga kushandiswa chete XIX remakore. Rakanga sezvaari nomumwe Dupont of Nemours, uyo akabudisa mabasa muvambi wechikoro French nezvoupfumi - F. Koehne. Pachavo vamiririri nharaunda vaifarira kudana anozviti "Vezvemari" uye dzidziso kuti yakatanga uye kuti vatsigiri vaiva - ". Upfumi enyika" Physiocrats - Vatsigiri "kurongeka" iri zvoupfumi upenyu munharaunda, uyo nesimba akadzivirira yokuti zvisikwa dzenyika - ichi ndicho chete akazvimirira chinhu okuwana.

Mabviro dzidziso yacho Physiocrats

Maererano dzakawanda Chirungu, Russian uye German kare, muvambi enyika zvoupfumi ndiye Adam Smith. Zvisinei, kuti French masayendisiti kuramba maonero ichi, nharo kuti chidzoke sayenzi iyi - rakasiyana pahwaro Physiocrats School. Nharo yavo ndechokuti Adam Smith pachake aida chose basa rake guru "Pfuma Nations" vakaziva mutungamiriri Physiocrats - Fransua Kene.

Physiocracy chakatsiva anonzi mercantilism waiva zvikuru maitiro pane dzidziso. Uyezve mercantilists vakatadza kusika dzidziso dzakazara yesayenzi. Saka, zviri Physiocrats vanokodzera kuonekwa sezvo kushanda kubudikidza havaoni enyika upfumi. Vaisa mberi kokutanga munhoroondo nheyo kuti nzanga pakutsvaga nemasikirwo upenyu. Mukuona kwavo, zvakakwana kuziva mitemo chokuita upenyu zvoupfumi, uye zvichaita kuti kusika munhu dzidziso wokuberekana nokuparadzirwa upfumi pakati munzanga. With zvavo deductive nzira zvikuru zvakafanana nzira yaAdhamu Smith nevamwe vakakurumbira vamiririri zvoupfumi "chekare".

Dzidziso Physiocrats Basics

Physiocrats - ndiyo vavengi mercantilism, izvo chaizvoizvo vakakwanisa kusika wemauto sayenzi zvoupfumi. Ivo vakaratidza zvido guru varimi, capitalists, uye vaitaura kuti agriculturalists (varimi) ndiyo chete kirasi zvibereko munzanga.

Pfungwa huru pakati Physiocrats ndeinotevera:

1. Mitemo dzezvoupfumi vakasiyana dzinongoitika hunhu, kureva, vanogona kunzwisisa mumwe munhu. Kana kuchangotanga yakatsauka kubva izvi mitemo kugadzira muitiro vanotozvikuvadza anetseka.
2. Dzidziso zvoupfumi pakati Physiocrats inobva pafungidziro kuti anopa fuma nokure kugadzirwa, kunyanya kurima.
3. Industry wakaonekwa ari mhanje, isingabereki zvinhu bhora.
4. By asingabereki munda physiocrats vaiti uye zvokutengeserana mabasa.
5. Kwakachena chigadzirwa Physiocrats aionekwa musiyano seti kwenhumbi anobudiswa mune zvokurima, uye mutengo waida kuti kuagadzira.
6. Aongorora chaiye chikamu guru, kuti Physiocrats (vamiririri varimi 'zvido) rakashuma kuti munhu anofanira kusiyanisa pakati "kufambira mberi wegore" (kushanda guru), "kufambira mberi chikuru" (wakaiswa yesangano) uye pagore mari, izvo, mu pfungwa dzavo, ndizvo sangano revarimi purazi chikuru mari .
7. Mari haana kuiswawo zvayo pakubhadhara izvi mberi. Pasinei nokuti "mari-guta" iri pfungwa iri kazhinji unoshanda ano zvoupfumi yokuti, kuti Physiocrats Zvisinei, haana kushandisa izvozvo, nharo kuti mari iri chena, ine ukoshi chete basa kwavo unosvikirwa zvokutsinhanisa. Uyezve, kwakanga vaidavira kuti kuponesa mari haukwanisi, nekuti pashure achibvisa kubva wokufambisa, vari kunyimwa kwavo chete kubatsirwa, basa - kuva nzira mukutsinhana nhumbi.
8. Nyaya dzidziso mitero yacho Physiocrats rinouya pasi zvinhu zvitatu:

- mitero inobva kunobva mari;

- mitero vanofanira inodiwa kundochingamidza kwemari;

- mutero Kutarisirwa mari havafaniri kunyanyisa.

Fransua Kene vake upfumi tafura

The zvoupfumi chezvinonhuwira rechiFrench nzanga yechipiri yezana XVIII remakore yakanga yonhuwa pfungwa dziri kuratidzwa achiparadzirwa vakawanda Physiocrats. Vamiririri kuitika iyi dzenhoroondo zvoupfumi vanosarudza mibvunzo kuti sei achiti vanofanira zvoupfumi ukama pakati vanhu maererano nemasikirwo, uyewo chii chinofanira mirawu date ukama. Muvambi wechikoro ari Physiocrats Fransua Kene akaberekwa Paris kurimwe muna 1694. By basa akanga asiri Economist, uye aiva chiremba padare Louis XV. Zvinetso upfumi, akava kufarira kusvika makore makumi matanhatu.

Mupiro chikuru F. Quesnay aiva kusikwa yakakurumbira "tafura zvoupfumi". In basa rake, akaratidza sei zvachose chigadzirwa kuti wakasikwa zvokurima, yakakamurwa pakati aivapo munzanga. Quesnay akasarudza anotevera zvidzidzo:

- kuita (varimi uye vashandi okurima);

- chena (vatengesi uye vagadziri);

- varidzi (Varidzi, uyewo mambo).

Maererano Quesnay, kufamba pagore zvachose chigadzirwa inoumbwa 5 nhanho inokosha kana mabasa:

1. Varimi vari kutenga kubva kuvarimi nezvokudya zviri uwandu bhiriyoni 1 mafranc. Chiito ichi anodzoka mabhiriyoni 1 mafranc varimi, uye 1/3 gore negore chigadzirwa haazombotaurwi wechiGeorgian.
2. Ppb yakabereka sezvo varidzi kirasi rents nyika varidzi wana maindasitiri zvigadzirwa akaita "chena" kirasi.
3. Maindasitiri kutenga varimi miriyoni (inobereka kirasi) chikafu. Saka varimi, uye anoenda chakatevera bhiriyoni kare 2/3 chigadzirwa pagore inonyangarika wechiGeorgian.
4. Varimi utenge vagadziri yakabereka zvigadzirwa. Mari yakatengwa zvinhu zvaisanganisira mu mutengo wegore chigadzirwa.
5. Maindasitiri kutenga bhiriyoni kunokonzerwa varimi anodiwa mbishi zvokuvakisa pagadzirwe zvigadzirwa zvavo. Saka, gore negore kwebasa chigadzirwa hunoita kuti mari mari wakashandiswa bhizimisi uye zvechokwadi mune zvokurima, sezvo mukuru chinodiwa kuti resumption zviri kugadzirwa kwacho.

Panyaya nemitero, F. Quesnay aidavira kuti vanofanira kupikisa chete Varidzi. Huwandu mutero ichava, kwake maonero, 1/3 akachena chigadzirwa.

F. Quesnay kurongeka pfungwa yambokurukurwa, inokosha pfungwa iri kuti mitemo, izvo zvinofanira kuva nehurumende uye mumwe nomumwe mugari hakufaniri zvinopesana zvinofarirwa nzanga yose zvayo.

Pfungwa huru Physiocrat A. Turgot

A. Turgot akaberekwa muna 1727 muFrance uye kudzidza kubva Sorbonne rorusununguko Theology. Parallel izvi, aifarira dzezvoupfumi. Kwemakore maviri, kubva 1774 kusvika 1776 A. Turgot aiva Comptroller General. Labor, vaiuya mukurumbira Physiocrats, inonzi "Kufunga pamusoro pakusikwa nokuparadzirwa upfumi", rakabudiswa muna 1770.

Kufanana nevamwe Physiocrats, A. Turgot vakasimbirira kupa rusununguko zvakakwana zveupfumi mabasa uye nharo kuti chete tsime yemuraudzo chigadzirwa ndiko kurima. Aiva wokutanga inosimbiswa mukirasi "varimi" uye kirasi "nyanzvi dzokugadzira" vashandi, vashandi kuzviitira basa uye Entrepreneurs.

A. Turgot akanga akagadzira "mutemo kupera unodzokera", maererano nomumwe unozotevera aida nyika, kana basa kana guta iro rinopa nomugumisiro duku pane rapfuura kudiwa uye pane imwe nguva kunouya muganhu apo mamwe mugumisiro akangorara zvisingaiti kuzadzisa.

Other vakakurumbira nhengo physiocracy

The basa reDare Physiocrats mu upfumi romuFrance hakufaniri kurerutswa. pfungwa dzavo zvinoratidzwa mabasa akadai inozivikanwa unhu akadai Pierre de Lepezan Boisguillebert uye Richard Cantillon.

Per De Boisguillebert anozivikanwa nhoroondo sezvo murume akaisa mberi nheyo yakakurumbira «Laisser Cosa Fare, laisser vaipfuura», izvo akazova chikuru musimboti hwenyika. Iye zvikuru akatsoropodza dzidziso mercantilism, asi panguva imwe chete vakatsigira pfungwa vakatakura kurema Physiocrats School. Vamiririri mercantilism, zvichienderana Boisguillebert anofanira adzokorore chiono chavo mune upfumi chisingazivi dzinoenderana aripo zviri muupenyu.

Maererano Boisguillebert, zvakakodzera mitero chete avo kuti havasi zvaipesana nemasikirwo, uye kubatsirawo kuti kukura zvoupfumi basa. Akataura kundorwa rusina kukanganiswa neHurumende uye upfumi upenyu hwamambo, uye aida kupa kodzero kuchinjanisa zvakasununguka kwevanhu. Uyezve, aiva mumwe vanyori basa dzidziso kukosha, vachiti kukosha chaiye nhumbi inofanira tsunga basa uye mari pachiyero - kushanda nguva.

R. Cantillon akaberekerwa Ireland, asi kwenguva refu aigara France. Muna 1755 akabudisa chikuru basa "Zvakaitika zvakasikwa uye zvokutengeserana." In basa rake, iye akataura nhamba ngozi kuti kukanganisa nyika kana zvichaita kutevera chinyorwa "kutenga isingadhuri uye kutengesa anodhura." R. Cantillon akacherechedza kuti pakati magetsi kumusika mutsigiro nomudonzvo, kudiwa, pane misiyano nokuda izvo zvinoita kuti chinhu isingadhuri uye kutengesa, ukuwo, anodhura. Vanhu vanoshandisa mukana uyu kuti zvakavanakira, akadana "Entrepreneurs".

Kupararira dzidziso yacho Physiocrats kunze France

Physiocrats - haasi chete French akavamba chikoro ari Physiocrats akarirwira pfungwa dzake munyika. Physiocrats uyewo vaiona pachavo vokuGermany Shlettveyn, Springer, Movilon kuItaly Bandini, Delphic, Sarkiani, Swiss Schaeffer, Olaf Runeberg, Hidenius, Brunkman, Westerman, Poles Stroynovsky B., A. Poplavsky nevamwe vazhinji.

Physiocrats pfungwa kunyanya kuwanikwa vatsigiri vakawanda muGermany. Yakakurumbira yaiva pano, Karl-Friedrich, vanoedza kuchinja mutero hurongwa. Kuti aite izvi, sarudza misha akawanda, iye chikwereti zvose rapfuura mitero uye pachinzvimbo akatanga chete yomutero 1/5 kuti "mari mambure" Rinobva pasi nemabasa.

KuItaly, dzidziso yacho Physiocrats yaiva nezvainoita zvokuchinja mudzidziso muupenyu Tuscany, Leopold.

In Sweden physiocracy uyewo recaptures chinzvimbo. Very mercantilism akatanga kuderera, uye Physiocrats havana kurasikirwa mukana wake. The kupfuura unoshamisa pakati mumiririri wavo akanga Hidenius aitaura pamusoro panobva uye anoita kuti urombo pamusoro mamiriro. Uyezve, iye kungokangaidzwa kumubvunzo kuenda kumwe. Akaedza kuziva zvinokonzera Fani iyi uye kukudziridza matanho kuhupedza.

About Poland zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti munyika ino, kurima aiva chokutanga basa chavagari kuchiri kure XVI remakore. Ndokusaka ari nokukurumidza kuwanikwa kwayo vatsigiri yokuti yaisunda French physiocrats. KuPoland, upfumi ndavhiyiwa Qualitative zvachinja mararamire pakati strata kwevanhu yekudyidzana kwakawedzera.

Inonyatsoratidza physiocracy muRussia

Kunyange zvazvo Russia haana vamiririri kwakachena Physiocrats, asi vamwe zvokudya muitiro uyu kusvika pamwero kukanganiswa yaitonga Catherine II. Somuenzaniso, mumakore ake rokutonga Empress mangwanani anobva audza mafekitari anotambura pagadzirwe chigadzirwa, uye March 17, 1775 anobudisa Manifesto kuti akadanidzira nheyo vakasununguka makwikwi. Muna 1765 zvakanzi akasikwa ari Free Economic Society, ane nhengo dzaiva vatsigiri Russian pamusoro Zvakarurama physiocracy. Mumwe wavo aiva agronomist Andrei Bolotov.

Dmitry Golitsyn aiva Russian nhume muParis uye kazhinji akatora chikamu mumisangano rechiFrench Physiocrats. Sezvo kunofuridzirwa pfungwa dzavo, Zvinokurudzirwa kuti Catherine II kutumira mboni Pierre Quesnay the riviéra kukokwa kushanyira Russia. Patakasvika munyika, Riviere akaita mwoyo mhedziso kuti serfdom zvinopesana "kurongeka", achiratidza maonero kwake kwakarasika uye, pakupedzisira, pashure 8 months, akatumirwa kudzokera kuFrance.

Golitsyn, akavapindurawo, akaisa mberi pfungwa kubvumira varimi rusununguko wacho uye kuvapa kodzero dzavo pachavo pfuma. Nyika yakanga aida kusiya pfuma Varidzi, izvo zvinogona risi izvozvo varimi.

Sezvo 70-ies. XVIII remakore Catherine II Akakurumidza kuchinja maonero ake pamusoro Physiocrats. Zvino anotanga chokunyunyuta kuti vari zvokudya vakakwira naye pachake zvikaramba zviripo uye zano pamukana wose anovadana "ranters" kana "kuzvinyengera kumativi."

Zvazvakashatira dzidziso Physiocrats

Zvino mercantilists uye physiocrats kazhinji vakashorwa nokuda pfungwa dzake. Pakati mikuru zvinokanganiswa pakati Physiocrats chikoro zvinotevera zvinofanira kucherechedzwa:

1. The chikuru drawback pakati dzidziso mberi nokuda physiocrats, akabatanidza zvikurukuru kururama kudavira kuti zvokurima ndiyo chete nemauto chokusika upfumi.
2. Labor mari takatsunga chete mune zvokurima.
3. Physiocrats vakati chete chimiro yemuraudzo chigadzirwa ivhu rendi.
4. Vakaparadzira zvisizvo chii munhu ndima chete mutengo basa iri vangakupawo nyika.
5. Vakatadza kuitisa anonyatsotsvaka uye misoro kuongorora nedanho kubereka, kubva maindasitiri kugadzirwa haana kuonekwa navo seinokonzera ukoshi.

Pakugona dzidziso Physiocrats

Pakati zvinobatsira zvine chokuita dzidziso yacho Physiocrats vanofanira kusimbisa zvinotevera:

1. Chimwe chikuru zvemashoko Physiocrats ndechokuti vakakwanisa uchatamisa kutsvakurudza nokure kugadzirwa. Muenzaniso wavo zvakateverwa ose dzenhoroondo zvematongerwe upfumi.
2. Bourgeois siyana inoshandiswa Physiocrats sechinhu vasiri, kureva dzinongoitika uye yakazvimirira kwemunhu kana mamiriro enyika munzanga. Izvi kwaiva kutanga dzidziso zvinhu sezvazviri kwemitemo zvoupfumi.
3. Akadzivirira maonero kuti upfumi ndiko kushandiswa-kukosha, uye kwete mari.
4. Ndivo masayendisiti wokutanga uyo akapa kusiyanisa zvibereko kubva isingabereki basa.
5. Vakapa tsanangudzo "guru."
6. Wakarurama weboka vanhu kupinda makirasi mikuru mitatu.
7. F. Quesnay wake "tafura zvoupfumi" akaita kuedza kuita misoro kuongorora nedanho kubereka.
8. Kunhonga musoro vakaenzana mukutsinhana, kuti Physiocrats vaibata unorema kurwadzisa dzidziso mercantilists uye akaratidza kuti adzikinure pacharo hausi tsime upfumi.

Sezvo Physiocrats zvaiva pfungwa pakusika upfumi bedzi mune zvokurima, vakarayira kuti hurumende kukanzura mitero vose maindasitiri zvekutepfenyura. Somugumisiro, paiva mamiriro nokuda chakaipa kukura capitalism.