Carbon - ichi ... kabhoni maatomu. kabhoni Weight

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinoshamisa okunze, rinogona kuumba-siyana zvikuru yeimwe vane makemikari uye inorganic hunhu, ndiko kabhoni. Zviri kujairika ehupfumi ane chinhu kuti achiri Mendeleev afanotaura ramangwana kukuru, tisingatauri zvinhu amuudza asi.

Gare gare hwakasimbiswa tsika. Zvikazikamwa kuti - mukuru biogenic che yedu, inova chikamu chose zvisikwa zvose. Mukuwedzera, vaikwanisa aivapo siyana zvakasiyana zvikuru muzvinhu zvose, asi maari chete kabhoni maatomu.

Kazhinji, kunyanya mu mamiriro ichi vazhinji, ndizvo navo uye achaedza kutarisa nyaya.

Carbon: iri nzira uye nzvimbo muchitokisi mugadziriro

Periodic hurongwa okunze kabhoni iri IV (maererano itsva mharidzo 14) boka, huru subgroups. Its Serial nhamba 6, uye mabhomba kurema 12,011. Chichatara chaikosha chiratidzo C chinoratidza zita rayo muchiLatin - carboneum. Pane dzakasiyana siyana umo kabhoni ariko. The yemaitiro zvichikosha zvakasiyana uye kunobva chaizvo okunatsiridza.

Zvisinei, kunyora maitiro equations zvinomiririra dzakananga, Chokwadi. Kazhinji, kana iri pfuma yakachena chimiro, akatorwa kabhoni samolecular payakavakirwa C pasina Indexing.

History of Kuwanikwa eremendi

By pacharo, maatomu akafanana izvi rave richizivikanwa kubvira kupfuura kare. Pashure pezvose, mumwe zvicherwa zvikuru zvakasikwa - ndiko marasha. Naizvozvo, nokuti vekare vaGiriki, vaRoma uye nevamwe vanhu zvakavanzika akanga asina.

Kuwedzera marudzi ichi, akashandisawo nedhaimani uye graphite. With wokupedzisira kwenguva refu akanga chaizvo yakaoma ezvinhu, sezvo kazhinji pasina ongorora Kuronga graphite kutorwa yeimwe akadai:

• sirivha kutungamirira;
• simbi carbide;
• molybdenum sulfide.

Vose ainyorwa dema uye saka vaionekwa kuti graphite. Gare gare kusanzwisisa ichi yakajekeswa, uye chimiro ichi kabhoni yava pacharo.

Sezvo 1725 huru yezvokutengeserana kukosha kwokuwana ngoda, uye muna 1970, nyanzvi mabikirwo hwokubereka pavo artificially. Kubvira 1779, nemhaka basa Karla Sheele, akaongorora makemikari ehupfumi, izvo zvinoratidza kabhoni. Izvi kwaiva kutanga munhevedzano kukosha matongo ari mumunda chinhu, uye akava hwaro kujekeswa zvose zvayo nemamwe zvinhu.

Isotopes kuti kabhoni zvakasikwa uye kuparadzirwa

Pasinei nokuti chinhu mubvunzo - chinokosha inotonhorera, ayo zvachose zviri 0,15% muna kurema goko. Izvi zvinoitika nokuti riri pasi kuramba kuparadzirwa, dzinongoitika anotengeswa munyika Nature.

Vakawanda zvikuru yeimwe anogona akataurawo chicherwa hunhu, umo murwiyo chinosanganisira kabhoni. Ava dzinongoitika matombo akadai:

• Dolomites uye limestones;
• anthracite;
• mafuta shale;
• negasi;
• marasha;
• mafuta;
• lignite ;
• peat;
• nebhitumini.

Uyezve, hatifaniri kukanganwa pamusoro vapenyu zvinhu inongova dzigare mairi kuti kabhoni yeimwe. Pashure pezvose, ivo inoumbwa mapuroteni, mafuta, makabhohaidhiretsi, nucleic acids, uye nokudaro rinokosha STRUCTURAL Morekuru. Kazhinji, kutendeuka dzakaonda body mass kg 70 15 mapopoma ari yakachena maatomu akafanana. Uye saka vose, tisingatauri mhuka, zvinomera uye nezvimwe zvisikwa.

Kana tikafunga Kuronga mhepo uye mvura, iyo hydrosphere, uye mhepo yose, zviripo musanganiswa kabhoni-okisijeni, yakataurwa nzira CO _2. Yakasviba kana kabhoni yakasviba - mumwe anokosha magasi, mhepo vomumatunhu. In chimiro ichi vanobudisa chikamu kabhoni ose 0,046%. More ichiputswa carbon dioxide inobvisa mumvura munyanza.

The mabhomba guru kabhoni sechinhu ichocho ndicho 12,011. Zvinozivikanwa kuti ukoshi ichi rinowanikwa sezvo svomhu zvinoreva pakati maatomu Zviidzo zvose sezvingatarisirwa kuitika isotope mhando, vakapiwa kuwanda kwavo (ari chikamu). Saka zviri muvanhu mubvunzo. Pane zvikuru zvitatu isotope, riri muchimiro kabhoni. Ivo:

• ¹² C - ayo uremu kesimba mu oruzhinji 98,93%;
• ¹³ C - 1,07%;
• ¹⁴ C - a radioactive hafu-upenyu makore 5700, yakatsiga Beta-emitter.

In tsika yokuona specimens geochronological vakwegura inowanzoshandiswa radioactive isotope ¹⁴ C, inova nechiidzo nokuda kwayo yakareba kuora.

Allotropic nadzurudzo of chinhu

Carbon - chinhu ichocho riri muchimiro nyore fuma iripo mune dzakawanda. Ndiko kuti anogona kuumba kupfuura anozivikanwa kuti dziti uwandu allotropic okunatsiridza.

1. Crystal kushanduka - kuripo muchimiro yakasimba maumbirwo ane dzose yekamuri mabhomba mhando. boka iri zvinosanganisira mhando yakadai:

• mangoda;
• fullerenes;
• graphites;
• carbines;
• lonsdaleite;
• kabhoni fibers uye chubhu.

All izvi zvakasiyana crystalline yekamuri mamiriro, umo nodes - kabhoni atomu. Nokudaro, yakasiyana zvachose, kwete zvakafanana ehupfumi, zvatinoona uye namakemikari.

2. Amorphous siyana - siyana kabhoni atomu marongerwo zvimwe zvakasikwa yeimwe. Ndiko, hazvina wakachena mhando, uye pamwe netsvina nevamwe zvinhu zviri zviduku zvakawanda. boka iri zvinosanganisira:

• kusashanda kabhoni;
• namabwe namatanda;
• dema;
• Carbon Nanofoam;
• anthracite;
• rinoonekera;
• Technical zvinhu giredha.

Ivowo sangana zvaidiwa sekristaro yekamuri maumbirwo achitsanangura uye hwakaratidza zvivako.

3. Carbon Compounds dziri masumbu. mamiriro akadaro, umo maatomu dzakavharika mune mukati conformation mhango inokosha, azere nemvura kana nuclei dzimwe zvinhu. mienzaniso:

• kabhoni nanocone;
• astralenes;
• Dicarbon.

ehupfumi zvokunyama amorphous kabhoni

Nokuda akasiyana-siyana allotropic okunatsiridza kuti govera zvimwe zvivako mukuru zvokunyama kabhoni chakaoma. Nyore kutaura pamusoro chaiwo fomu. Somuenzaniso, mashoko amorphous kabhoni ane zvinotevera unhu.

1. At moyo siyana zvose - wakaisvonaka-grained akasiyana graphite.
2. High kupisa chinzvimbo.
3. Good kondakita ehupfumi.
4. Carbon arambe achirema vanenge 2 g / masendimita ^3.
5. Kana neshungu pamusoro 1600 C ⁰ Kuchinja kunoitika muna graphite anoumba.

Chin'ai, zimbe uye ibwe akasiyana anoshandiswa nevakawanda kuti maindasitiri zvinangwa. Havasi nokuratidzwa kunatsiridza kabhoni iri yakaisvonaka chimiro, asi rine guru kwazvo mari.

crystalline kabhoni

Pane nzira dzakawanda umo kabhoni - fuma Anoumba dzose crystals akasiyana-siyana, umo maatomu chokuita sequentially. Somugumisiro paumbwe zvinotevera okunatsiridza.

1. Diamond. Structure - cubic, izvo chokuita tetrahedrons mana. Somugumisiro, covalent makemikari zvisungo neimwe Atomu kunonyanyisa saturation uye simba. Izvi anotsanangura ehupfumi kuti kabhoni arambe achirema 3300 makirogiramu / m ^{3 chaiko.} High zvakaoma, yakaderera chaizvo kupisa, kusavapo yemagetsi conductivity - ichi zvose zviri nemhaka sekristaro zvakachinjikwa mamiriro. Kune zvazviri yabereka mangoda. Akaumba panguva inonzi yakapedza graphite inotevera nadzurudzo nokupesvedzera mukuru tembiricha uye mumwe kuvafurira. Kazhinji, nedhaimani utsotso tembiricha iri sezvo mukuru sezvo simba - vanenge 3500 ⁰ C.
2. Graphite. The maatomu vanosarudzirwa chakaita sechivako yapfuura zvinhu, asi saturation rinowanikwa Links matatu chete, uye wechina rinova refu uye zvishoma rakasimba, izvozvo rinobatanidza "akaturikidzana" hexagonal zvakachinjikwa zvindori. Mugumisiro ndechokuti graphite - the nyoro, zara mafuta kuti kubatwa zvinhu nhema. Rine zvakanaka zvemagetsi conductivity uye ane yakakwirira utsotso tembiricha - 3525 ⁰ C. sublimable - sublimated kubva hwakasimba kune gaseous mamiriro, pavaigona kutora chikepe chaienda nemvura (panguva tembiricha kuti 3700 ⁰ C). Carbon Density - 2.26 g / ^cm3, riri nechepazasi zvikuru kudarika nedhaimani. Izvi zvinokonzerwa ehupfumi zvavo zvakasiyana. Nokuda layered nemamiriro sekristaro yekamuri zvinokwanisika kushandiswa graphite nokuti mukugadzira Pazvibato dziri nyore mapenzura. Pakuitisa flakes exfoliate mapepa uye kusiya zvikasawanirwa papepa nhema.
3. Fullerenes. Yakanga yakashama chete 80s remakore rapfuura. Dzinomirira mumwe nadzurudzo, umo carbons vari interconnected rinokosha namahwindo convex maumbirwo ane mhango pakati. Zvino Maumbirwe sekristaro - a polyhedron, zvakarurama sangano. Kuwanda kwemaatomu iri kunyange. The inozivikanwa chimiro fullerene C _60. Mimwe ichi zvinhu vaakawana zvidzidzo:

• meteorites;
• sediments;
• folguritov;
• shungites;
• nzvimbo apo gasi huri muchimiro.

nemarudzi ose crystalline kabhoni vane hunobatsira kukosha, sezvo nhaka anoverengeka anobatsira zvivako zviri unyanzvi.

reactivity

Molecular kabhoni ane yakaderera reactivity nokuda kwayo yakagadzikana configuration. Zvichiita kuti sei chete paakaudza atomu yokuwedzera simba uye kumanikidza chokunze pamwero maerekitironi kuti chiutsi. Panguva ino zvava akaenzana valency pamusoro 4. Saka, ine iri yeimwe yacho oxidation wehurumende + 2, + 4, - 4.

Zvinenge zvose zvinoitwa nyore zvinhu zvakadai nesimbi uye nonmetals, kuitika pasi pokudzora dzakakwirira tembiricha. Viewed chaikosha ingava oxidizing mumiririri uye kuderedza zvaanoda. Zvisinei, yokupedzisira yakanga ehupfumi akaratidza zvikurukuru zvakasimba, pana ichi kushanda kwaro metallurgia uye mamwe maindasitiri.

Kazhinji, kukwanisa kupinda kwemakemikari kusakarongeka kunoenderana zvitatu zvinokonzera:

• kabhoni akapararira;
• allotropic nadzurudzo;
• kuita tembiricha.

Saka, mune zvimwe zviitiko, zvinoita interacts pamwe anotevera zvinhu:

• nonmetals (rehydrogen, okisijeni);
• simbi (aruminiyamu, simbi, calcium, etc.);
• oxides simbi dzavo munyu.

With acids uye alkalis asingaunganidzi sei pamwe halogens hariwanikwi chaizvo. Chinonyanya kukosha ehupfumi ose kabhoni - kukwanisa kuumba refu ngetani mumwe. Vanogona kuvharwa kuva loop chimiro branching. Sezvo paumbwe Organic yeimwe, nhasi nhamba iri mamiriyoni. Hwaro izvi zviviri yeimwe chaikosha - kabhoni, rehydrogen. Uyewo mamiriro dzingasanganisirawo dzimwe maatomu okisijeni, senitrogen, sarufa, halogens, phosphorus, uye dzimwe simbi.

Basic yeimwe vavo characterization

Kune vakawanda yeimwe siyana vari sezvamunoita zvinosanganisira kabhoni. Formula kupfuura ihwai - CO ₂ - carbon dioxide. Zvisinei, mukuwedzera oxide, pane CO - monoxide kana carbon monoxide uye nedooksid C ₃ O _2.

Pakati munyu, izvo zvinosanganisira basa maatomu akafanana, rakajairika ndivo calcium magnesium carbonates. Nokudaro karusiyamu carbonate ane nhamba anoreva zvakafanana mune rokuremekedza, sezvo rinowanikwa zvakasikwa ari muchimiro:

• choko;
• machena;
• reraimu;
• dolomite.

Kukosha alkaline pasi simbi carbonates hwakaratidzwa pakuti vasimba vechikamu ari dzinotsanagura inotungamirwa stalactites uye stalagmites, uye pasi.

Carbonic asidhi - mumwe remubatanidzwa kuti anoumba munhu kabhoni. fomura Its - H ₂ CO _3. Zvisinei, muna kwakajairika chimiro, zviri aiminama uye pakarepo muna mhinduro uchiora kupinda carbon dioxide inobvisa uye mvura. Saka, chete anozivikanwa munyu ayo, asi haisi pachayo, sezvo kugadzirisa.

kabhoni halides - vari vakawana kunyanya nokuda zvisina kunanga nzira yakananga Syntheses vari chete panguva yakakwirira chaizvo tembiricha yakaderera goho. Chimwe ndicho - CCL ₄ - kabhoni tetrachloride. A hunokachidza remubatanidzwa anogona kukonzera nomuchetura kubudikidza inhalation. Yaunganidzwa kukuru photochemical zvinoitwa kuzvitsinhanisa pakati hydrogen maatomu ari methane.

Metal carbides - kabhoni remubatanidzwa pazviri ane oxidation mamiriro 4. Uyewo zvinoita kuvapo shamwari ne Boron nesilicon. The chikuru pfuma vamwe simbi carbides (aruminiyamu, tungsten, titanium, niobium, tantalum, hafnium) - yakakwirira simba uye kwazvo magetsi conductivity. Boron carbide B ₄ C - mumwe hwakasimba pashure nedhaimani (9,5 Mohs). yeimwe aya akashandiswa unyanzvi, uyewo makemikari indasitiri sezvo manyuko Mahydrocarbon (karusiyamu carbide nemvura kunotungamirira kuti paumbwe acetylene uye calcium yakawanda hydroxide).

Vazhinji simbi alloys kugadzirwa muchishandisa kabhoni yekudyidzana nokudaro vachiwedzera unhu hwavo uye nokurondedzerwa (simbi - ane chiwanikwa chedare kabhoni).

Individual nzeve vakawanda makemikari kabhoni remubatanidzwa pazviri - chikuru Kufananidzira inogona chokuita zvakafanana maatomu ari refu nengetani pezvivako siyana. Idzi dzinosanganisira:

• alkanes;
• alkenes;
• nhandare;
• mapuroteni;
• makabhohaidhiretsi;
• nucleic acids;
• alcohols;
• carboxylic asidhi nezvimwe makirasi zvinhu zvakawanda.

Kushandiswa kabhoni

Meaning of kabhoni yeimwe dzaro allotropic okunatsiridza upenyu hwevanhu zvakakwirira chaizvo. Unogona kudaidza mamwe yose maindasitiri, pachena kuti ichi ichokwadi.

1. chaikosha ichi akaumba marudzi ose Tourism umo munhu anogamuchira simba.
2. Metallurgical indasitiri anoshandisa kabhoni sechinhu simba kuderedza mumiririri kubudisa simbi kubva zvavo yeimwe. Pane anoshandiswa nevakawanda sezvo carbonates.
3. Construction uye mushonga indasitiri zvinodya zvizhinji kwazvo kabhoni yeimwe vari kwetunhu itsva zvinhu uye kuti vawane runodiwa zvigadzirwa.

Uyewo zvinosanganisira sectors hwemabasa upfumi, yakadai se:

• renyukireya indasitiri;
• chishongo Kugadzirwa;
• midziyo (lubrication, mukuru-tembiricha crucibles, nepenzura, etc.);
• Kutsunga Geological zera pamatombo - radioactive tracer ¹⁴ C;
• kabhoni - zvinoshamisa adsorbent kuti anogona kushandiswa firita mukugadzira.

Cycle zvakasikwa

The vakawanda kabhoni chipo zvakasikwa, zvirimo kugara kutenderera, iro rinoitwa cyclically ose wechipiri munyika yose. Saka, mumhepo kabhoni panobva - CO ₂ wefodya miti uye zvimwe zvose zvipenyu anosunungurwa panguva afemeruke. Kamwe mumhepo, izvozvo wefodya zvakare, uye saka kutenderera mberi. Saka kutsakatika Organic residues kunoguma nokubudiswa kabhoni wayo kuunganidza muvhu, apo zvino yakanga zvakare yokuita zvinoitwa zvipenyu uye asunungurwa mumhepo sezvo gasi.