Analysis uye pfupiso ye "Chii?" (Chernyshevsky Ng)

Nokuti nguva yokutanga mubhuku kuumba yakakurumbira basa Chernyshevsky - the yokufungidzira "Chii kuita?" - yakabudiswa muna 1867 kuGeneva. The initiators bhuku vakava Russian vanotodzoka kuRussia pakazotanga yokufungidzira rakarambidzwa nokuda aongororwe. Muna 1863, chigadzirwa akaita vakakwanisa kuparidza magazini "Contemporary", asi makamuri avo, apo vamwe zvitsauko ayo akanga nokukurumidza kurambidzwa aidhindwa. Pfupiso ye "Chii kuita" Chernyshevsky vechidiki makore iwayo akapfuura mumwe nomuromo, uye yokufungidzira - mune zvimwe zvinyorwa makopi, saka chigadzirwa kwakaita zvisingafi mwoyo pavo.

Zvinoita kuita chinhu

Munyori akanyora ake acclaimed yokufungidzira muchando 1862-1863 gg., Paaiva pevhu wakakombwa. Date kunyora aonekwa April 14 December 4. Kubva January 1863 kusvika mumwe muzvitsauko zvinyorwa kutanga kushanda censors, asi achiona rangano chete rudo nyaya, kuti yokufungidzira kubvumirwa kudhinda. Nokukurumidza yakadzika zvinoreva basa rinouya vakuru tsarist Russia, aongororwe, bvisa kubva muhofisi, asi zvinoitwa - isingawanzowanikwi youth denderedzwa makore iwayo haana kukurukura pfupiso ye "Chii kuita?". Chernyshevsky aida basa rake kwete chete kuudza vokuRussia pamusoro "vanhu matsva", asi vo chikonzero mavari chido kuvatevedzera. Uye ushingi nyaya yake mumwoyo vazhinji vezera rake nemunyori.

Vechidiki ava kunopera XIX remakore, pfungwa Chernyshevsky akava mhando chirongwa upenyu hwake. Stories pamusoro vazhinji vanokudzwa mabasa makore iwayo akatanga kuonekwa zvokuti kazhinji kuti pane imwe nguva vava anenge chinowanzoitwa muupenyu. Vanhu vakawanda pakarepo vakaona kuti vava kukwanisa kuita.

Kuvapo mubvunzo yakajeka uye mhinduro

Nepfungwa huru basa, uye zviri echimurenga kaviri zvakasikwa, - rusununguko munhu, zvisinei chechikadzi. Ndicho chikonzero chikuru hunhu yokufungidzira - mukadzi, nekuti panguva iyoyo chete ndiro rine chokwadi vakadzi hakurevi kupfuura miganhu yokutandarira yako. Ndichitarira shure muupenyu mai vake neshamwari, Vera nokukurumidza anoziva zvachose kukanganisa kungopeta maoko, uye anotonga achashanda panguva mwoyo youpenyu hwake: yakatendeseka, wakawanirwa, achipa mukana zvakakwana zvivepo. Nokudaro tsika - nomumwe rusununguko ndiye rusununguko pakuita zvinhu kusangana uye pfungwa, uye mikana. It akaedzawo kuratidza kuburikidza upenyu Vera Chernyshevsky. "Chii?" By chitsauko anokwevera vaverengi mufananidzo mavara phased kuvakwa "upenyu chaihwo." Pano Vera kure naamai vake uye anosarudza kuvhura bhizimisi, saka iye anoziva kuti chete kuenzana pakati nhengo dzose purazi zvichava inoenderana ayo neururami rusununguko, asi mufaro wake Mhedziso pamwe Kirsanov zvinoenderana pachavo mufaro Lopukhov. Rusununguko iri interconnected pamwe tsika dzakanaka - kuti Chernyshevsky zvose.

Zvinoitwa romunyori unhu kuburikidza vatambi vake

Uye vanyori nevaverengi, uyewo-achiziva zvose nevatsoropodzi vari pfungwa kuti vanonyanya kutaurwa anoshanda - rudzi mabhuku makopi creators dzavo. Kunyange kana kwete kuchireva makopi, zviri pedyo chaizvo mumweya kuti munyori. Nhoroondo yacho yokufungidzira "Chii kuita?" Mune wokutanga munhu, uye munyori - chimiro ano. Inouya nevamwe vatambi vari kukurukura, kunyange nharo navo uye, kufanana "izwi-pamusoro", anotsanangura vatambi uye vaverengi kwavo kujeka pfungwa dzakawanda.

Panguva iyoyowo, munyori anoudza kuti mubvunzo muverengi wacho vanyori vavo nemano, anoti kuti "kunyange mutauro une chinhu chakaipa" uye zvechokwadi haisi kuderera "unyanzvi tarenda". Asi nokuti muverengi nechokwadi ake havana hunogutsa, izvozvo anoramba yokufungidzira, izvo akasika Chernyshevsky pachake, 'Ndinofanira kuitei? ". Vera nevamwe vatambi vari saka chaiwo uye kuita zvinhu zvizhinji pauri, takaberekwa tine akadaro akasiyana mumwe unhu, izvo munyori asingadi nhaka tarenda wechokwadi, aizotadzawo kusika.

New, asi zvakadaro zvakasiyana

Magamba Chernyshevskogo positive "vanhu matsva" aya, ari maonero munyori, kubva muchikwata che shamisa, dzisiri aripo, rimwe zuva rakanaka vane pachavo zvakasimba hwedu. Log kuti mudutu boka revanhu mediocre, daka navo, mumwe panoda, mumwe akanyengetedza, vamwe - intractable - chose vasiyiwa zvachose guru, chokubvisa kubva muvanhu somunda masora. Zvinoyevedza pakuva, izvo vamuzive uye akaedza kuzvizivisa nezita Chernyshevsky, - "? Chii chandingaite". Special munhu, ake zvakadzama kutendiswa, anokwanisa akanyatsosiyana kushandura nyika yakavapoteredza, asi sei kuzviita, anofanira kuona amene.

nganonyorwa ake Chernyshevsky akasikwa Kusiyana "Fathers uye Children" Turgenev, "vanhu matsva" vake usatarise akafanana yokutsoropodza. uye muchishungurudza ake positiveness nihilist Bazarov. Cardinality zvifananidzo izvi vari Implementation dzavo chikuru mabasa: Turgenev gamba akafanana pachako kubva kumativi ose akare, ruzivo "pachena nzvimbo" ake, kureva, kuparadza, apo Chernyshevsky vatambi chiduku kuedza kuvaka chinhu, kusika, kuparadza pamberi.

Paumbwe "murume mutsva" iri pakati XIX remakore

Izvi mabasa maviri vanyori zvikuru Russian akatanga vaverengi uye voruzhinji okololiteraturnoy yechipiri yezana XIX remakore, imwe mhando bhikoni - unokurudzira kwechiedza murima. Uye Chernyshevsky uye Turgenev kwazvo akazivisa kuvapo "murume mutsva", ayo kuitwa paumbwe rinokosha mwoyo munzanga, kuita kuti zvinhu zviri munyika.

Kana ukaverenga uye kushandura pfupiso ye "Chii kuita?" Chernyshevsky iri mundege pakati echimurenga pfungwa, zvikuru pfungwa imwe yoga chikamu vemo mumakore iwayo, dzakawanda ndeyokufananidzira zviri chigadzirwa zvichava nyore kutsanangura. "The mufananidzo mwenga wake Grooms", chakaonekwa Vera Pavlovna pakurota kwake rwechipiri, harisi chinhu asi "chimurenga" - kuti mhedziso zvakadaro anoitwa vaigara akasiyana makore vanyori kubva kumativi ose kudzidza uye kuongorora yokufungidzira. Nenzira yokufananidzira anozivikanwa nedzimwe mifananidzo, iyo iri yokufungidzira ndiyo nyaya, pasinei nokuti vari zviso kana kwete.

A zvishoma pamusoro dzidziso kodzera egoism

Chido chokuchinja, kwete chete nokuti isu, kwete chete nokuda dzavo asiwo vamwe Zara kuburikidza yose yokufungidzira. Izvi zvachose kwete zvakafanana dzidziso pakuverenga kwavo kubatsirwa pachavo, iyo iri kutaurwa "Vanababa uye Sons" Turgenev. Nenzira dzakawanda, pamwe nevamwe vanyori Chernyshevski anobvuma, muchitenda kuti munhu kwete chete anogona, asi anofanira nenjere overenga uye kuona munhu nzira yako mufaro. Asi panguva iyoyo anoti kuti unogona chete nazvo takapoteredzwa chete vanhu vanofara. Izvi musiyano unokosha pakati kwokurangana enganonyorwa zviviri: Chernyshevsky magamba kuumba zvakanaka kuva vose, Turgenev kuti Bazarov rokusika rufaro yako pasina kufunga vamwe. Avo pedyo kubudikidza yokufungidzira ake Chernyshevsky kwatiri.

"Ndinofanira kuitei?", The kuongorora izvo isu kupa ongororo yedu, zvinoguma zvikuru pedyo muverengi Turgenev kuti "Vanababa uye Sons."

Dzokororai nezvourongwa hwokuuraya

Sezvo akatogadzwa kukwanisa kuziva muverengi, haana akazvipinza mumaoko Roman Chernyshevskogo, kuti protagonist inoshanda - Vera. Kuburikidza hwake, paumbwe unhu hwake, ukama hwake nevamwe, kusanganisira varume, munyori rinozivisa chikuru pfungwa yacho yokufungidzira. Pfupiso ye "Chii kuita?" Chernyshevsky pasina maitiro aya evanhu vanonyanya kutaurwa uye nezveupenyu hwavo zvinogona vakatumira mitsara shoma.

Vera Rozalskaya (aka Vera) anogara mumhuri zvakanaka yakapfuma, asi munhu wose ari pamba ndiye chinosemesa kwaari, uye mai mubvunzo mabasa ake uye neshamwari, vachifunga chimwe chinhu, asi vachiti uye kuita mumwe. Asarudza kutiza vabereki vavo, heroine yedu anoedza kuwana basa, asi muchato ine pedyo nawo mumweya Dmitriem Lopuhovym anopa musikana rusununguko uye nzira youpenyu, pamusoro iye anorota. Vera anoita yokusonesa workshop zvakaenzana kodzero dzose kwemari seamstresses - pfungwa zvikuru mberi nokuda nguva. Kunyange kwaro kamwe kamwe yatanga kuda shamwari Aleksandru Kirsanovu murume wake pedyo, umo akava nechokwadi kushambidzika pamwe Kirsanov murwere Lopukhov asingaiti tirasikirwe ake nepfungwa uye rupo kubva kumurume wake, iye haasiyi, regai kusiya Studio. Kuona Kudanana wake uye shamwari yepedyo, burdock, inoshandiswa pakutsigira kuzviuraya batsirai Vera Pavlovna chero mutoro kwaari. Vera Kirsanov uye kuroorwa uye ichi rakanyatsojeka kufara, asi pashure pemakore mashomanana hwavo Lopuhov anoonekazve. Asi chete pasi yakasiyana zita uye ane mudzimai mutsva. mhuri Vose uchagara munharaunda, nguva yakawanda pamwe chete uye vanogutsikana zvikuru pamwe richikunda ezvinhu nenzira iyi.

Being anosarudza pfungwa?

Vera Pavlovna paumbwe munhu kubva mitemo yezvakaita zviri nevezera rake, izvo vakakurira uye vakakurira munzvimbo dzakafanana ezvinhu kwaari. Pasinei hwake, kushaya ruzivo uye ukama, hunhu zvakajeka anoziva zvaanoda muupenyu. A muchato akanaka uye kuva amai munhuwo dzemhuri - hazvisi wake, kunyanya kune makore 14 iye aiziva zvikuru sei uye kunzwisisa. Iye vakasonanidza zvakanaka uye akapa yose mhuri nemapfekero mumakore 16 akatanga kuita mari nokupa private piyano zvidzidzo. Chido kumuroora mai akasangana kungoramba yakasimba, uye pave basa rake - a kusona workshop. About kuputsa kufanana nevechiduku wokushinga zviito simba hunhu basa "Chii?". Chernyshevsky nenzira yake anopa tsanangudzo akakurumbira kutaura kuti pfungwa anosarudza kuva iyo kune munhu. Rinotsanangura, asi chete sezvo yaanosarudza - kana kutevera nomugwagwa vakasarudza kwete, kana kuwana rako. Vera wabuda panzira, wakagadzirirwa amai uye zvakatipoteredza umo iye akararama, uye akasika pachake nzira yayo.

Pakati kunzvimbo zviroto uye chokwadi

Ona nzira yako hazvirevi kuti ariwana nokuitevera. Pakati zviroto uye kushandura zviitike chinhu pakakoromoka rakakura. Mumwe asingadi kuedza kusvetukira pamusoro payo, uye mumwe anounganidza zvose zvaanoda kuva chibhakera uye kuti kunyika. Saka kuteerera chinetso yakamutswa yokufungidzira Chernyshevsky "Chii?". Kuongororwa paumbwe wacho zvokukura Vera pachinzvimbo anotakura muverengi nomunyori. Iye akabata nayo kuburikidza kwakazvarwa heroine kwaro zviroto pachake rusununguko zviitike kunokwana simba basa. Regai mugwagwa zvakaoma asi ngaatarire uye tsime vaifamba. Uye Chernyshevsky kwete chete anotumira heroine ake, asi anobvumira kuti awane zvaaida, vachibvumira muverengi kunzwisisa kuti chete basa unogona vabudirire kukosheswa chinangwa. Zvinosuruvarisa, munyori inosimbisa kuti vanhu anosarudza nzira iyi. Not wose.

Reflection chaicho kuburikidza zviroto

Mune rimwe asi vagana akanyora yokufungidzira ake "Chii kuita?" Chernyshevsky. Dreams of Faith - vanosvika mana yokufungidzira - inoratidza kudzama uye mavambo ndangariro kuti avatambudze zviitiko zvechokwadi. Muhope yake yokutanga rinozviona akaregedza dura. mhando iyi okufananidzira kutarisira kumba kwako, apo akanga agadzirira zvisingagamuchiriki wake dambudziko. Kuburikidza pfungwa kusunungurwa vamwe here, vasikana Vera nokusika workshop wake umo mumwe zvokusona inowana akaenzana mugove waro zvachose kwemari.

The hope chechipiri nechechitatu akatsanangurei muverengi kuburikidza chaiye uye tarenda tsvina, kuverenga Verochkinogo dhayari (izvo, sezvinei, haana akatungamirira) kuti pfungwa chokuvapo vanhu vakasiyana vatore heroin dzakasiyana nguva hwake, chii iye anofunga nezvewanano yake yechipiri uye chaizvo kudiwa muchato. Tsanangudzo kuburikidza zviroto - mukana muchimiro mharidzo yacho chigadzirwa, iro akasarudzwa Chernyshevsky. "Ndinofanira kuitei?" - zviri yokufungidzira kunooneka kuburikidza kurota, vatambi huru vatambi muzviroto - chakakodzera muenzaniso kushanda itsva chimiro ichi Chernyshevsky.

The neururami ane ramangwana rakajeka, kana kurota chechina Vera Pavlovna

Kana navatatu vokutanga hope heroines vanoratidza ukama wayo nhoroondo facts, hope dzacho wechina - hope of ramangwana. Zvakakwana kuyeuka nayo zvizere. Saka, hope Vera Pavlovna zvenyika zvakasiyana, incredible uye anoshamisa. Iye anoona yakawanda kufara vanhu vanogara mumba akanaka: a youmbozha, yakakura, takapoteredzwa zvikuru zvinoshamisa maonero, yakashongedzwa iri zvitubu. Mariri hakuna anonzwa mumapepanhau zvachose - vakawanda mufaro, mumwe kubudirira zvakafanana, pane vakaenzana zvose.

Ndivo hope Vera, ichi vanoda kuona chokwadi uye Chernyshevsky ( "Chii chandingaite?"). Dreams, uye ivo, sezvo tichiziva, ukama chaicho uye zviroto zvenyika, kwete chete kuzivisa nyika yose heroine yomukati, sezvo munyori ari yokufungidzira. Uye kusakwanisa kwake chokusika zvizere vazive chokwadi ichi, mumwe pakuva kuti zvikasaitika, asi idzo zvichiri zvakakodzera kuti tirarame uye basa. Uye ichi ndicho Uyewo hope yechina Vera Pavlovna.

Pakuva yaro oneka kuguma

Sezvo vose vanoziva, basa rake guru - the yokufungidzira "Chii kuita?" - Nikolay Chernyshevsky akanyora apo mujeri. Kunyimwa mhuri, vanhu, rusununguko, achiona ari pevhu chaiyoiyo munyika itsva zvachose nzira, kurota chimwe chokwadi, munyori vakatsanangura nayo papepa, handitendi wayo Implementation. Chokwadi chokuti "vanhu matsva" vanokwanisa kuchinja nyika Chernyshevski ino hapana mubvunzo. Asi richamira pasi nesimba ezvinhu, kwete vose uye kwete vanhu vakakodzera upenyu nani - iye, zvakare, akanzwisisa.

The nganonyorwa inoguma? Rine runyararo coexistence vaviri dzakafanana mhuri: Kirsanovs uye Lopukhovs-Beaumont. Small nyika, nokusika zvinhu, azere vanokudzwa pfungwa nezviito zvevanhu. Vazhinji munharaunda sezvizvi kufara? No! Ko mhinduro kuna Chernyshevsky anorota ramangwana? Ndiani anoda kuti asike kufara uye kufara nyika yavo, kuti zvichaita, vasingade - achaenda aibuda.