Chii hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu? Huru mirayiridzo uye kubudirira

Unoziva chii hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu? Zvirokwazvo iwe chinhu nezvazvo vakanzwa. Ichi chikamu chinokosha zvipenyu ano. Akava, kufanana wefizikisi, mumwe mukuru zvavanokoshesa ari pose upfumi uye nesayenzi mukupera remakore rechi20. Hafu yezana remakore adarika, hapana aiziva hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu. Zvisinei, izvozvo akateya nheyo musayendisiti, uyo akararama muzana remakore rechi19. Hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu kwakaita nokugamuchira simba riwedzere kuti kukura kuburikidza nebasa vatsvakurudzi France Lui Pastera (Makore oupenyu - 1822-1895). Ndiye akatanga immunology ano uye zvidukuduku.

Muzana remakore rechi20, nokukurumidza yakatanga genetics uye ezvinhu zvipenyu nokufambira mberi mune wefizikisi uye kemisitiri. Panguva ino, nzvimbo inokosha yaiva kukura nzira iyo kuva muti uye mhuka masero.

dauka tsvakurudzo

Muna 1980 paiva Kuwedzera tsvakurudzo hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu. Panguva ino itsva nenzira yakarongeka uye methodological nzira kuti vave nechokwadi yezwi kushandiswa hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu zviri sayenzi uye tsika zvakatangwa. Zvino unogona kudzidza kubva ichi guru zveupfumi kwakabatsira. Zvinonzi projected kuti ounyanzvi hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu zvigadzirwa vaifanira kuita pakutanga remakore idzva, kota kugadzirwa nyika.

Basa kuitwa munyika yedu

Active hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu budiriro kwakaitika panguva ino nyika yedu. The Russian akanga kubudirira chinokosha kuwedzera basa munharaunda iri uye okusuma dzavo zvabuda vari 1980s. In nyika yedu panguva iyi yambokurukurwa uye rakatangwa chirongwa wokutanga hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu pamwero wenyika. Special interdepartmental nzvimbo, vanachiremba akadzidziswa biotechnologists zvakasikwa, yakavakirwa dhipatimendi uye rabhoritari zvakapararira munzvimbo mumayunivhesiti uye tsvakurudzo masangano.

hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu nhasi

Nhasi tiri saka kujaira izvi, vanhu vashoma chaizvo kuzvibvunza: "Chii hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu?" Panguva ino, kuziva zvizere hazvina okushamisira. Modern pezvakaitwa mumunda uyu dzinobva kushandisa recombinant DNA mitoo uye kuita chinhu makemikari, organelles kana masero. Modern hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu ndicho sayenzi cellular uye kuvabereki injiniya michina uye nzira zvakasikwa uye nokushandisa zvinoberekeswa kushandurwa zvoutachiona zvinhu kuitira kuwedzera kugadzirwa kana kukura matsva siyana zvigadzirwa. Kune zvitatu chikuru pamusoro yatiri tsanangura ikozvino.

maindasitiri hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu

mirayiridzo Izvi zvinogona kuonekwa zvakasiyana dzvuku hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu (mushonga). It anonzi nzvimbo inonyanya kukosha hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu. Kutonyanya kukosha nebasa razvinoshanda kukura zvinodhaka (zvikurukuru, nokuti dambudziko kenza). Great kukosha hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu zviri kuongorora chirwere. Ivo anoshandiswa Somuenzaniso, kana iwe kusika biosensors, DNA Chips. In Austria, kuti hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu dzvuku nhasi inahwo zvakakodzera pamutemo. Aitoda injini okukura vamwe mapazi.

Mberi rinotevera-siyana maindasitiri hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu. Izvi mitema hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu. Rinoshandiswa pakatanga kusarudzwa akaita. Hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu zvino anopa nzira inokosha iyi iyo Ezvemutauro vari okurega vadzivirire pamusoro sora, nemavhairasi, notumwe nezvipembenene. Zvose izvi Zvinokoshawo chaizvo, munoona.

Nokuti munda zvakasvibirira hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu ndicho chatinonyanya kukosha, magene mapurani. With chichitsveneswa vakasikirwa tama majini kubva yemiti kune vamwe, uye nokudaro masayendisiti anogona pave nemishonga maitiro uye zvivako.

Gray hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu rinoshandiswa kuchengeta zvakatipoteredza. Nzira dzacho rakashandiswa wokunatswa tsvina, ivhu remediation, kukwesha chiutsi mhepo, nokuti marara.

Asi kwete ndizvozvo zvose. Pane chena hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu, anofukidza nzvimbo kushandiswa mune makemikari indasitiri. Noutachiona nzira iyi nyaya inoshandiswa yakachengeteka kubva Environmental nemaonero uye vakarongeka kugadzirwa makemikari, nemishonga, amino acids, mavhitaminzi, uyewo doro.

Uye pakupedzisira, okupedzisira mhando. Blue hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu anobva hwokugadzira kushanda zvakasiyana zvipenyu uye dzinotsanagura Marine Biology. Panyaya iyi, nechepakati tsvakurudzo - zvoutachiona zvipenyu vagere mumakungwa.

Enda rinotevera mirayiridzo - Cell Engineering.

cellular Engineering

Zvinonzi mubasa kugadzirwa hybridomas, cloning, kudzidza cellular zvenhengo "chemasanganiswa" masero, rokunyora nemagene mepu. Tanga ndeye makore 1960 apo paiva nzira hybridization masero somatic. Rave nani nokuda nguva yokurima nzira, uye chero nzira kukura munyama. Somatic hybridization, umo VaNefirimu vakasikwa pasina kutora chikamu dzepabonde muitiro, nhasi kuitwa nokukudziridza siyana Sero akarongwa chete mhando, kana achishandisa mhando dzakasiyana emasero.

Hybridomas uye zvaanoreva

Hybridomas, kureva VaNefirimu pakati lymphocytes (masero ari zvirwere) uye bundu, vane ehupfumi foni mitsetse kwevabereki. Vakaita vanokwanisa, kufanana kenza, kugoverana nokusingaperi pamusoro inotonhorera chakagadzirwa nhau (kureva, vari "kusafa"), uye zvinogona, kufanana lymphocytes kubereka homogeneous (monoclonal) antibodies kuva yakajeka specificity. antibodies izvi zvinoshandiswa chirwere uye dzokurapwa zvinangwa, sezvo reagents mu vasanonoka makemikari fuma uye nevamwe.

Imwe nzvimbo foni okugadzira ndiyo kuchinja masero kushayikwa nuclei vane rusununguko nuclei uyewo dzimwe zvimedu. manipulations aya airarama tichibatanidza zvikamu muchitokisi. Similar kuedza vane madhayi kana microinjection kupinda muchitokisi chromosome rinoitwa kuziva kuti cytoplasm uye musimboti kukanganisa mumwe, chii zvikonzero waidzora nezvebasa majini siyana, uye zvichingodaro.

Kushandisa mukomboni pakutanga mumatanho okukura dzakasiyana sero tuvana vari yakura inonzi saka mhuka waMosesi. Zvikasadaro, dzinonzi chimeras. Zvinosanganisira 2 mhando masero pamwe genotypes zvakasiyana. By kuwana kubva kuedza izvi, vose panguva pakukura nhengo kunoitika Kusiyanisa kuti munyama uye masero.

cloning

Modern hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu Handingambofungi pasina cloning. Kuedza chokuita kuchinjwa akasiyana somatic sero nuclei mu enucleated (i.e. kuine neerekitironi) zai mhuka mimwe kurimwa munzvimbo vakura muviri kunokonzerwa mudumbu kunge inoitwa kwemakumi emakore. Zvisinei, vakarasa kwazvo kubvira mukupera kwezana remakore rechi20. Nhasi yatinoti kuedza kwakadaro mhuka cloning.

vanhu vashoma nhasi havasi aiziva Dolly makwai. Muna 1996, pedyo Edinburgh (Scotland) muna yatakanyora pasi Institute yakaumbwa kuti mhuka yokutanga, iyo yakazadzika kubva mumasero akura muviri yave ichiitwa. Yaiva Dolly makwai yaiva clone wokutanga kwakadaro.

nemagene ouinjiniya

Ivepo pakutanga kwe ma1970, injiniya masero nhasi aita chinokosha mberi. Nzira yake kuchinja masero mammalian, mbiriso, utachiona mu "mafekitari" izvi nokuda kugadzirwa chero puroteni. Yakadaro kubudirira kwesayenzi zvinopa mukana kudzidza zvakadzama mashandiro uye maumbirwo mapuroteni kushandiswa sezvo zvinodhaka.

Kunyatsogona hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu ava kushandiswa chaizvo. E. coli Somuenzaniso, akava kwedu nguva nokutengesa mahormone kukura chinokosha kemikari uye jekiseni. Zvakarurama nemagene ouinjiniya ndehwokuti kuvaka recombinant DNA mamorekuru. Pakatanga imwe nemagene midziyo, vanogona kupa muviri kunobatsira vanhu ehupfumi. Somuenzaniso, unogona kuwana "bioreactor", kureva mhuka, zvinomera uye tusingaoneki kuti pave fuma pharmacologically kukosha vanhu. Hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu mberi zvakatungamirira zvichiita ruminant dzinoita mhuka uye chirimwa mhando vane unhu hunokosha kuti vanhu. Kushandisa majini ouinjiniya nzira zvinokwanisika kuita majini advertising pave DNA mushonga rokuongorora siyana nemagene zvirwere uye nevamwe.

mhedziso

Saka, tine vakapindura mubvunzo: "? Chii hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu" Chokwadi, nyaya ino rine mashoko anokosha chete nezvazvo, muchidimbu dzakanyorwa mirayiridzo. ruzivo Izvi kutungamirirwa chete anopa pfungwa mukuru ndedzipi hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu ano uye sei kushandiswa.