The octane Kuwanda peturu

Peturu - zvinobata moto mvura asina ruvara, kana ane zvishomanana yellowish tinge (kana pasina anokosha yokuvirisa). Kuti uvandudze kushanda ehupfumi pakati injini mafuta anoshandiswa munyika combustion michini, vagadziri vari kuedza kuwedzera octane nhamba peturu. Kuti aite izvi, achiwedzera unoenderana zvinoumba mairi. uyezve, kana combustion mamirire anzwike ruzha simbi zvinoberekwa detonation chinozunguzirwa kunokonzerwa multiple kupangidza ayo humburumbira rusvingo, injini kushanda ipfupi, zvinonzi nokukurumidza kusakara.

Muchiitiko ichi tichiti chenhando huni, sezvo octane nhamba yakaderera. Detonation injini chinotsva Kugadzikana, i.e. kukwanisa kudzivisa hwokuzvidzora kuvesa nokuda compression ari sepombi uye injini anodawo ndozvavava mufananidzo uyu. Dziwande ndizvo vhoriyamu chikamu isooctane (mamwe zita: 2,2,4-trimethylpentane) ari maviri chinoumba muvhenganiswa tune uyewo N-heptane. muvhenganiswa akadaro panyaya ayo antiknock pasi pomureza bvunzo ezvinhu unobereka imwe zvazviri nerokuti kuongororwa mafuta.

Isooctane - mapazi cheni nomuti yeHydrocarbon C8H18. Zviri kuvonga ehupfumi ayo, zvakaoma oxidize kunyange yakakwirira compression reshiyo, saka zviri conventionally kugamuchirwa akagogodza nemishonga 100 dzakabatana. N-heptane ari injini achiita zvakasiyana: Zvisinei, kunyange panguva yakaderera compression ratios achabatsirwa inofanira combustion detonation maturo, ichi mwero chinobviswa sezvo 0 dzakabatana nokuti. Muzviitiko apo chinotsva octane nhamba kupfuura 100, nokuti kunyatsoongorora kwayo yepamusoro pamwero akashandisa zvimiso wemisanganiswa dzayo, sezvamakaropafadzwa huru zvinoriumba - isooctane - tetraethyl akawedzera dosages siyana.

Saka, zvinogona nharo kuti mufananidzo uyu rinonyatsooneka chinhu motokari mafuta. Zvinoratidza sei peturu ndiyo husingakwanisi detonation, kuti ndiwo kurongwa moto injini sepombi. mafuta kuputika ndingangokuvara dzomunyika injini achava zvikuru nedambudziko kana ichi zvazvingava zviri kumusoro. Kana ari octane nhamba kuti peturu anoenderana anokwana zviyero 95, izvozvo detonates musanganiswa zvinosanganisira 95% 2,2,4-trimethylpentane uye 5% romuzvarirwo heptane. Pashure chikuru kurapwa kuti mafuta chigadzirwa inonzi naphtha, ukoshi ichi chinoratidza kazhinji kwazvo 70 dzakabatana. Naizvozvo, kuvandudza yakaderera giredhi peturu kushandiswa kwete chete Chinowedzera (nokusanganisa dzakakwirira-octane zvigadzirwa), asiwo antidetonators chinotarisirwa mune imwe mari kusvika 0.3%.

Mafuta Unhu hunoenderana murwiyo zvicherwa, kubva izvo zviri kuwanikwa fractionation kana DISTILLATION, - mafuta. Zvakakosha zvinhu zvakadai viscosity, ari fractional akafanana, kuvapo sarufa yeimwe uye paraffins, uye zviri mumvura uye munyu yakanyauka mairi. Zvisinei, izvi zvinoita kunge kufurira kubudiswa unhu uye kusarudza kwemichina. Kunaka peturu, i.e. ayo octane nhamba kukosha, anosarudza kuti yeHydrocarbon Kuronga mafuta, uye ipapo nzira kuti kubudiswa kwayo, izvo zvinoenderana sei peturu zvakawanda isooctane, N-heptane, zvinonhuwirira yeimwe, uye zvichingodaro.

Vandudzai antiknock ehupfumi kuti peturu mairi aromatics. Mukuru zviri benzene, zvikurukuru kunokanganisa mamiriro kwezvakatipoteredza seinokonzera benzopyrene (a carcinogen). Yakakwirira kwevari yakakwirira Kubika aromatics kunoita chin'ai inotungamirwa ari combustion mukamuri uye injini mavharuvhu. izvi zvose inoderedza waivako zviratidzo zvakadai injini waivako, kushanda zvakanaka, kwezvakatipoteredza uye zvoupfumi zvinobatanidzwa basa rayo. Chin'ai akaumba ari combustion mukamuri kunokonzera muridzi motokari kusarudza injini mafuta kuitira kuti octane nhamba peturu yakanga yakakwirira. Zvikasadaro, simba iri chaizvo ipfupi kana injini iri kumhanya ane detonation.