Lanthanides uye actinides: nezvenzvimbo periodic ino

Imwe neimwe zvine maatomu akafanana kuratidzwa Mupasi anoshongwa: muchadenga uye hydrosphere lithosphere - inogona muenzaniso wakajeka kusimbisa dzinokosha mabhomba uye samolecular dzidziso mutemo nguva nenguva. Vakanga akagadzira pedyo Zvinovheneka Natural History - masayendisiti Russian M. V. Lomonosovym uye D. I. Mendeleevym. Lanthanides uye Actinides - mhuri mbiri, iyo vanoumba 14 zvine maatomu akafanana, uyewo nesimbi pachavo - lanthanum uye actinium. ehupfumi dzavo - mumuviri uye mushonga - kuti itaurwe nesu mubasa iri. Uyezve, isu kuziva nezvenzvimbo periodic ino rehydrogen, lanthanides, actinides kunoenderana sechivako Erekitironi orbitals kwemaatomu.

History yakawanikwa

Mukupera rechi18 Yu gadolinium avapo rokutanga remubatanidzwa kubva boka pasi isingawanzowanikwi simbi - oxide kuti yttrium. Kusvikira mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, nemhaka tsvakurudzo kubudikidza G. Moseley mu kemisitiri vakaziva ariko boka simbi. Vakanga iri periodic table pakati lanthanum uye hafnium. Mumwe mushonga chaikosha - actinium, lanthanum akafanana, anoumba rimwe mhuri 14 radioactive zvine maatomu akafanana, actinides izvi. Zvakawanikwa yavo zvesayenzi zvakaitika kubvira muna 1879 kusvikira pakati pezana remakore rechi20. Lanthanides uye actinides zvakawanda kufanana panyama uye namakemikari zvivako. Izvi zvinogona kutsanangurwa urongwa maerekitironi vari emaatomu ezvinhu nesimbi izvi, izvo zviri simba yomuropa, kureva lanthanide ndiwo mwero rechina add-sublayer, uye nokuda actinides - rechishanu pamwero e-sublayer. Next, isu funga Erekitironi anoshongwa kwemaatomu ari-yambotaurwa nesimbi zvizere.

Nemamiriro womukati kuchinja zvinhu muchiedza maatomu-samolecular dzidziso

Brilliant kuwanikwa maumbirwo namakemikari M. V. Lomonosova aiva hwaro mberi kudzidza Erekitironi anoshongwa kwemaatomu. Rutherford muenzaniso chepuraimari PARTICIPLE sechivako namakemikari Kufananidzira, kuti Max Planck tsvakurudzo, F. koira akabvumira mishonga kuwana akarurama tsanangudzo huripo mitemo periodic kusiyana mumuviri uye namakemikari zvivako, izvo maererano lanthanides uye actinides inozivikanwa. Haukwanisi kufuratira rinokosha periodic mutemo D. I. Mendeleeva ari kudzidza maumbirwo maatomu yokuchinjira zvinhu. Ngationgororei nyaya iyi zvizere.

Isa rwomukati Kuchinja zvinhu munyika periodic mugadziriro D. I. Mendeleeva

Muboka rechitatu rechitanhatu - kwenguva refu - mhuri simbi ndiyo lanthanum, cerium uye akaronga kuti lutetium zvichibatanidzwa. At lanthanum atomu 4f-sublayer maturo uye akazadza zvachose lutetium rechi14 maerekitironi. At zvinhu vanoda therebetween, pane zvishoma nezvishoma zvinodiwa add-orbitals. In mhuri actinides - kubva thorium kusvikira lawrencium - The ichocho iri kuchengetwa kuunganidza isakarurama mhosva nezvimedu pamwe musiyano chete kuti rikaitika ichizadza maerekitironi 5f-sublayer. The nemamiriro kwokunze simba sandara uye uwandu kunaka nezvimedu payo (akaenzana maviri) kwose pamusoro simbi chete. Izvi inopindura mubvunzo pamusoro nei lanthanides uye actinides, akadana womukati kuchinja zvinhu, vane kufanana zhinji.

Zvimwe zvinokonzera kwemakemikari mabhuku vose mhuri ikashandiswa kupinda parutivi subgroup wechipiri. Ivo ane mbiri simbi kubva mhuri imwe neimwe. Munguva pfupi chimiro periodic ezvinhu zvine maatomu akafanana Di Mendeleev vamiririri vemhuri idzi vari kure patafura pachahwo uye akaronga vakaparadzana misara. Naizvozvo, nzvimbo actinides uye lanthanides munyika periodic hurongwa anoenderana mukuru zano sechivako maatomu uye maerekitironi mu yomukati periodicity achizadza nhanho uye kuvapo chete oxidation akaita aggregating womukati Kuchinja nesimbi iri zvavo boka. In izvi zvine maatomu akafanana zvine zvinhu uye zvivako noenderana lanthanum kana actinium. Ndicho chikonzero lanthanides uye actinides kubviswa patafura zvine maatomu akafanana.

Sezvo electronic configuration kuti add-sublayer paupenyu ehupfumi chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi

Sezvatakamboreva kare, nzvimbo lanthanides uye actinides munyika periodic ino zvakananga anosarudza zvavo zvatariswa mumuviri nemakemikari. Somuenzaniso, cerium ions, gadolinium, uye zvimwe zvinhu zviri lanthanide mhuri vane yakakwirira rinobva nguva nokuda STRUCTURAL zviri e-sublayer. Zvinokwanisika kushandisa nesimbi sezvo dopants hwokubereka semiconductors vane simba rinonzi magnetic ehupfumi. Sulfides mhuri zvinhu actinium (semuenzaniso, sulfide protactinium, thorium) mu mamorekuru dzavo vane rakasangana mhando kwemakemikari chokuedza: Ionic-covalent kana covalent-esimbi. Ichi STRUCTURAL chinhu zvakakonzera chidzoke mumuviri uye zvemakemikari zvivako zvitsva uye vanoshumira se mhinduro yomubvunzo wokuti nei lanthanides uye actinides vane fluorescent ehupfumi. Somuenzaniso, nzwisa actinium sirivha glows murima rinokwanisa kucheneruka Naiwo mufaro. Izvi imhaka Zvakaitwa Magetsi simbi ions, photons chiedza, kunoitika pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu excitation pakati maatomu uye maerekitironi mairi "kusvetuka" kuti yepamusoro simba pamwero uye kudzokera kwavo mira muchadenga. Chikonzero ichi kuti lanthanides uye actinides vari phosphors.

Migumisiro kuderedza Ionic radii of maatomu

At lanthanum uye actinium, kufanana zvinhu kubva mhuri dzavo, mumwe monotonic kuderera kukura zviratidzi radii nesimbi ions. In wekemisitiri, mune zviitiko zvakadaro kutaura lanthanide uye actinide compression. The kemesitiri muenzaniso chinotevera: muwanze mutariri musimboti maatomu, kana mamiriro okunze ndezvaJehovha mumwe chete nguva yavo radii kuderera. Izvi zvinogona kutsanangurwa sezvinotevera: nokuti simbi akadai cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, uwandu simba kwevari maatomu uye nguva dzose kuenzana matanhatu. Zvisinei nuclei mhosva azvaitwa incremented nomumwe uye vanoumba +58, +59, +60. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kunowedzera simba kukwezvana yomukati anoshongwa pakati maerekitironi kurutivi chokwadi mhosva musimboti. Somugumisiro pane rutapudzo pamusoro radii pakati maatomu. The Ionic simbi yeimwe muwanze mabhomba nhamba Ionic radii vari kuderedzwa. kuchinja Similar vakanga kuchengetwa okunze actinium mhuri. Ndicho chikonzero lanthanides uye actinides dzinonzi pemapatya. Kuderedza Ion radii kunotungamirira zvikurukuru kwakaderera inokosha zvivako zviri hydroxides pakati Ce (OH) _3, Pr (OH) _3, uye mujinga lutetium kare rinoratidza amphoteric ehupfumi.

Zvisingatarisirwi zvabuda inotungamirira kuzadza 4f-sublevel unpaired maerekitironi mu orbitals hafu europium atomu. Iye atomu nharaunda isina akaderedzwa, asi akawedzera. In kutevera panzvimbo munhevedzano lanthanides gadolinium 5d-sublevel, pane imwe Erekitironi 4f-sublevel dzakafanana Eu. mamiriro kwakadaro kunokonzera ane chimbichimbi vasanyanye nharaunda pamusoro gadolinium maatomu. A yakafanana chiri kuchengetwa peya ytterbium - lutetium. The chinhu rokutanga atomu nharaunda hombe yakafanira kupedza achizadza 4f-sublayer, apo lutetium nayo payakakurudzirwa zvinoderedza sepanyika 5d-sublevel Erekitironi vakachengeta chitarisiko. In actinium nezvimwe radioactive zvinhu mumhuri iyi radii kwemaatomu uye ions handishanduki monotonically, asi uyewo kuti ari lanthanides, mune kusvetuka uye miganhu. Nokudaro, lanthanides uye actinides vari okunze umo ehupfumi dzavo yeimwe correlatively kunobva Ionic nharaunda uye nemamiriro Erekitironi anoshongwa ari maatomu.

Valence inoti

Lanthanides uye Actinides ndivo zvinhu vane maitiro zvikuru zvakafanana. Zvikurukuru, nezvezvitadzo oxidation yavo inoti iri Valence ions uye maatomu. Somuenzaniso, thorium, protactinium, vachiratidza kuva valency matatu, ari yeimwe ose Th (OH) _3, PaCl _3, ThF _3, Pa ₂ (CO _{3) 3.} Vose izvi zvinhu zviri insoluble uye zvakafanana namakemikari ehupfumi sezvo zvacho kubva lanthanum mhuri: .., cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, nezvimwewo zviri Lanthanides pamusoro yeimwe izvi achava trivalent. Mienzaniso iyi zvinoratidza kuti Kururama kutaura kwedu kuti lanthanides uye actinides - pemapatya. Vane mumuviri uye namakemikari zvivako zvakafanana. Izvi zvinogona kutsanangurwa zvikurukuru sechivako Erekitironi orbitals mu maatomu vose vemhuri munyika iitike zvinhu.

simbi ehupfumi

Vose vamiririri mapoka maviri vari nesimbi kuti kuchipedzisa 4f-, 5f-, uyewo d-sublevels. Lanthanum uye zvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki pasi rinonzi mhuri yake. Dzavo Unhu mumuviri makemikari zviri zvokuti akafanana kuti aparadzane pasi Murabhoritari ezvinhu, vakabviswa tanetseka chaizvo. Achiratidza kazhinji oxidation wehurumende +3, lanthanum dzinoti zvinhu vane zvakafanana vakawanda pasi alkaline simbi (barium, calcium, strontium). Actinides vari zvakare simbi zvikuru kushingaira Kuwedzera uyewo radioactive.

Structural zviri lanthanides uye actinides uye nokubata zvivako akadai Somuenzaniso, nenguvo dzakarukwa zvakanaka vakakamura pyrophoric. Panewo zvinoderedza kukura zvesimbi chiso zvakatinakira crystalline lattices. Wedzera kuti zvose zvine maatomu akafanana vose vemhuri - resimbi ane silvery Sheen, nokuda kudunhu reactivity ari kukurumidza achiipa mhepo. Vari kuchizvivanza dzazvinogara oxide firimu kudzivirira kubva mberi oxidation. zvinhu zvose zviri zvakakwana refractory kunze neptunium, uye plutonium, utsotso tembiricha zviri pasi 1000 ° C.

Mamirire nemakemikari

Sezvambotaurwa, kune lanthanides uye actinides vari mishonga simbi zvinoshingaira. Saka, lanthanum, cerium uye dzimwe nhengo yemhuri inogona nyore chokuita nyore zvinhu - halogens, uyewo phosphorus, carbon. Lanthanides anogona kushamwaridzana vose carbon monoxide uye carbon dioxide. Vanofanira kugonawo kuora mvura. Kunze nyore munyu, akadai semuenzaniso SeCl ₃ kana PrF _3, vanoumba kaviri munyu. In Analytical wekemisitiri, kugara chinokosha nzvimbo zvakaitwa pamwe lanthanide simbi-glycine uye cucumber acids. The zvichiguma kunzwisisa yeimwe pezvakaitwa dzakadaro anechekuita nekuti akazvitsaurira musanganiswa lanthanides, zvakadai ores.

By maitiro ane nitrate, chloride uye sulfate acids, nesimbi vanoumba runoenzanirana munyu. Ndivo nyore soluble mumvura uye iri nyore inokwanisa rokuumba crystalline hydrates. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti aqueous mukugadzirisa zviri lanthanide munyu ndiwo yechitema, izvo akatsanangura nokuvapo kwavo dzazvinogara ions. munyu zvingaitwa samarium kana praseodymium zvakasvibirira neodymium - red-yepepuru, europium uye promethium - pink. Sezvo ions mu oxidation ezvinhu +3 vari yechitema, rinoshandiswa mune Analytical kemisitiri nokuda kuziva miedzo ions simbi, lanthanides (anonzi yepamusoro kuita). Nechikonzero ichochi akashandisawo nzira kuongorora makemikari akadai fractional crystallization naIon Exchange chromatography.

Muna maviri actinides boka zvinhu zvinogona kupatsanurwa. Uyu Berkeley, purazi, mendelevium, nobelium, lawrencium uye uranium exchange, neptunium, plutonium, omeretsy. Chemical ehupfumi akafanana wokutanga uye lanthanum simbi kubva mhuri yake. Zvemamiriro wechipiri boka vane makemikari maitiro akafanana chaizvo (substantially kufanana nomumwe). actinides All Kurumidza dyidzana nevasiri nesimbi: sarufa, senitrogen, carbon. With okisijeni legandami vanoumba dzakaoma yeimwe. Sezvinogona kuoneka, vose vemhuri nesimbi zvakafanana mumwe kwemakemikari maitiro. Ndicho chikonzero lanthanides uye actinides nesimbi anowanzonzi mapatya.

Situation rehydrogen nenguva dzirikure hurongwa, ivo lanthanides, ivo actinides

Zvakakodzera kufunga kuti rehydrogen iri zvakakwana reactive fuma. Kunoratidza pacharo, zvichienderana makemikari maitiro ezvinhu: ave kuderedza mumiririri uye oxidizing pomutumwa. Ndokusaka periodic ino, rehydrogen iri mumitauro miviri mikuru subgroups mapoka maviri.

Wokutanga rehydrogen anoita somunhu kuderedza mumiriri, uyewo alkali simbi, yaiva pano. Rehydrogen panzvimbo 7th boka pamwe zvinhu halogens kunoratidza kushinga kwayo. In rechitanhatu nguva zviri, sezvo yambotaurwa, mhuri lanthanides, rakashandurwa ari oga musara zvivanakire uye compactness petafura. Wechinomwe kumwedzi rine boka radioactive zvinhu aine unhu hwakafanana actin. Actinides dziri kunze petafura zvine maatomu akafanana Di Mendeleev pasi pedyo lanthanum mhuri. zvinhu izvi wevadukusa akadzidza, sezvo musimboti maatomu yavo kusagadzikana chaizvo nokuda radioactivity. Yeuka kuti lanthanides uye actinides vari munyika Kuchinja okunze, uye avo physicochemical maitiro akafanana chaizvo.

General nzira hwokubereka simbi indasitiri

Kunze thorium, protactinium uye uranium exchange, uko zvinoberekwa zvakananga kubva ores, dzimwe actinides zvinogona vakazvigadzirirwa irradiating mimwe Rwako uranium exchange simbi kutsanya zvinofamba neutrons. In maindasitiri kukuru neptunium uye plutonium iri rakatorwa aipedza mafuta kubva zvenyukireya reactors. Cherechedza kuti pakuwana actinides - iri zvakaenzanirana kunzwisisa uye anodhura muitiro, nzira huru zviri Ion mukutsinhana uye multistage dzokubudisa. Lanthanides, makatumidzwa pasi isingawanzowanikwi okunze, yaunganidzwa electrolysis pamusoro chlorides kana fluorides. Kuti vawane ultrapure lanthanides, akashandisa metallothermal nzira.

Where kushandisa zvemukati iitike zvinhu

The chakarondedzera kushandisa simbi izvo tikadzidza rakanyatsojeka rwakafara. Nokuti mhuri actinium - ndiko, kupfuura zvose, zvombo zvenyukireya uye simba. Actinides zvinokosha mune zvokurapa, pakakanganisika kuonekwa, activation kuongorora. Hazvibviri kufuratira kushandisa lanthanides uye actinides, sezvo Nyuturoni kubatwa mu zvenyukireya reactors zvinyorwa. Lanthanides vaishandisawo sezvo alloying kuwedzera nokuaina uye simbi, uyewo kugadzirwa phosphors.

Distribution zvakasikwa

Oxides ose actinides uye lanthanides kazhinji vanodiwa zirconium, thorium, yttrium Earth. Ndivo guru mabviro kwegadziriro unoenderana simbi. Uranus, sezvo mukuru mumiririri actinides iri rokunze rukoko zviri lithosphere muchimiro pakubhadhara mana ores kana zvicherwa. Kutanga, zviri pitchblende, inova uranium exchange dioxide. Ndicho yakakwirira zviri zvesimbi. Kunowanzoguma Radium uranium exchange yakasviba deposits (mutsinga). Ivo zvinowanikwa Canada, France, Zaire. Zvivako thorium uye uranium exchange ores kazhinji ane dzimwe ores chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi inokosha, yakadai goridhe kana sirivha.

Inventory pamusoro mbishi zvinhu zvakadai akapfuma Russia, South Africa, Canada, uye Australia. Vamwe sedimentary mabwe ane zvicherwa carnotite. mamiriro ayo, kunze uranium exchange, vanadium uye anopinda imwe. The mhando chechina mbishi uranium exchange - munhu phosphate mhangura uye zhelezouranovye PAMATOMBO. reserves avo vari Morocco, Sweden uye United States. The Pari vaiona vaizotibata sezvo deposits kuti marasha uye lignite chine uranium exchange tsvina. Ivo anobudiswa muSpain, Czech Republic, uyewo mbiri US inoti - North uye South Dakota.