Pechenegs - uyu ... The kukundwa of Pechenegs

Litmus bvunzo dzatinogona kuona kwakabva vanhu - mutauro. mutauro Pecheneg ndezvevanhu Turkic mhuri, rinosanganisira zvakasiyana siyana vezvenhau kubva Turkey kuSiberia uye kuCentral Asia ari. In ichi zvose kunounza nenzanga subgroups duku. Kana pechenegy ichi Oguz mitauro, iye ari rakava. Kuziva izvi, tinogona kufunga inotevera yavo hama.

Origin Pechenegs

Veukama Pechenegs vari Oguz - kunyange vamwe muArabhu vakatora Zvinoshingaira pakugadzirwa dzavanhu Central Asia. Pechenegs - ndiwo vavakidzani vavo pedyo, vakasarudza kutamira kumadokero Volga steppes. Inonzi akawanda zvikonzero. Zvichida waiva dzedzinza ruvengo, uyewo zvakakomba okunze kuchinja dzinogarisana, kusanganisira kwemvura, izvo zvaireva vasanyanye zvinokosha mari.

Imwe nzira kana mumwe, asi pamwe yemadzinza vakatamira kumavirazuva. Zvino pakuguma IX remakore, chaizvo panguva panowanikwa nechepakati East necheSalvic mamiriro. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, kuti vatorwa haana kuenda kuchamhembe, uye akaramba rwendo rwavo kuenda kumavirira, kusvikira kumuganhu pamwe muBulgaria uye Byzantium. vavakidzani New ndokugara steppes kweGungwa Dema, pamusoro munharaunda Ukraine ano.

Pasinei kwayo Turkic midzi, iyo muArabhu pakupedzisira kuwana zvimwe Caucasoid zvinhu. Saka, vanhu vomunguva vaitaura kuti vanhu steppes ose bvudzi dema uye akaveura ndebvu dzavo, uye kubva Kiev pamusangano navo kunogona nyore kurasika pakati pechaunga. Mashoko aya sokuti zvishoma dzinopikisana, asi zvaigoneka uye vakadaro, kunyanya kana ukafunga kuti inowanzorimwa pashure vakabudirira kupamba akatora nevarongo vemo.

Hunhu ukama pakati Russia uye muArabhu

Kubvira pakutanga chaipo, Pechenegs uye Rus vakava vorongerwa uye vavengi. Ivo vaiva vakasiyana kwenzanga Gulf misiyano dzechitendero pakati pavo. Uyezve, vose vari kusiyaniswa zvehondo nemafungiro. Uye kana Russia pakupedzisira anowana zviri wehurumende iyi inopa pacharo, uye naizvozvo haangagoni kurwisa vavakidzani ayo ane maonero zvinokubatsira, wokumaodzanyemba kwayo vavakidzani vaiva pachisikigo muArabhu, kutungamirira nzira hafu-yakabudirira upenyu.

Pechenegs - ndiwo chinotevera wave, kukanda kunze Asian steppes. In Eastern Europe, muenzaniso uyu vakaridza mhere cyclically mazana akawanda emakore. Chokutanga chaiva Huns kuti yokutama kwavo kwakaratidza kutanga ari Kutama Great. Paakasvika Europe, havana kutya zvikuru yakabudirira marudzi, asi pakupedzisira anyangarika. On nzira yavo yemberi Slavs uye Magyars vakaenda. Zvisinei, vakakwanisa kurarama uye kunyange kugara vogara ndima yakajeka.

Slavs, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kuva rudzi "nhoo evanhu" muEurope. Vanoramba akatora brunt ari mapoka matsva. Pechenegi mu pfungwa iyi - chete vazhinji. Gare gare panzvimbo yavo kwakazouya Cumans, uye XIII remakore - the eMongolia.

Ukama inowanzorimwa vanogara vakanga vakatsunga kwete chete mapato maviri, asi muna Constantinople. Madzimambo Byzantine dzimwe nguva vakaedza richiita vavakidzani. Nokufamba vaiva nzira dzakasiyana: goridhe, kutyisidzira, ivimbiso ushamwari.

Kusanzwisisana wokutanga pakati muArabhu uye Slavs

Pechenegs uye Rus 'kokutanga pakurwa, kana muArabhu akarwisa Kievan mutongi Askold. Zvakawanikwa izvi vari nharo nevamwe vanyori venhau dzakaitika, asi hapana anoramba kuti uto kunetsana pamwe vatsva kubva steppes ose Prince Igor muna 915 uye 920. Panguva ino nevakuru kumwezve Rurik kuna Novgorod, kubva apo akauya.

Yakadaro yakawanda zviwanikwa uye vanhu, Russia akakwanisa kutsungirira yakakuwandira pakati muArabhu kubva kumaodzanyemba. Kana mwanakomana Igor - Svyatoslav - mhirizhonga nguva vachirwa kurutivi rwayo sezvo varwi muenzaniso pamusoro Byzantine. Zvisinei, Union kumbova nesimba. All chete, Svyatoslav akaurayiwa Pecheneg vavandire pamusoro Dnieper Rapids, pashure Ioann Tsimiskhy Khan akabayira yakawanda goridhe.

Maruva inowanzorimwa

Mumakore iwayo anongofamba mubatanidzwa runosvika yepamusoro. Nemhaka danidziro of Slavs Khazars vakawira. Zvino repasi Volga chinhu, uye nokudaro pakarepo mhirizhonga vakanga basa. The bvuta Pechenegs haaizorarama uye vashoma mapoka Slavs pakati penzizi Dniester uye Prut, mune yava kunzi Moldova. About quasi kumucheto Europe akanzwikwa kwete chete nokukurumidza vavakidzani, asiwo Catholic madzimambo kumadokero uye Arab vafambi.

Apo Vladimir Red Sun nebope pakati mauto maviri vakauya kunosiyana madhigirii kubudirira. Zvikurukuru, Trubezh 993 gore yakahwina Prince, apo muna 996, pasi Vasilyeva Slavs vakakundwa. Vladimir haana chete kutumira mauto pamuganhu munharaunda. Akatanga akashandisa tsika yokuvaka nhare pamuganhu pamwe inowanzorimwa, achibatsirwa chiratidzo zviedza anogona kukurumidza wazivisa Kyiv Kusaona ngozi. Uyezve miseve vakasikwa kuti seakatambudzwa muArabhu kundofudza nemombe, uye nokudaro akavamanikidza kuenda kumaodzanyemba.

Kuitawo kukakavara kuRussia

Pakafa Mubhabhatidzi kweRussia muna weutungamiriri akatanga kupopotedzana pakati pevanakomana vake. MuArabhu sezvo varwi vaiva muhondo kurutivi Svyatopolk ari mhosva, iro havana kunzvenga dirtiest nzira, kusanganisira unonyengera nokupondwa hama. Sezvo zita mupengo, shoko "Pechenegs" achiri rinooneka ndi ufuza maitiro.

Svyatopolk vakakundwa. Akauya simba Yaroslav Mudry. Pechenegi kana zvakashatirisa Russia kokupedzisira. Muna 1036 vakaedza kurikomba Kiev unarmed, asi vakanga vakundwa hondo Grand Duke akaonekwa nguva.

Polovtsian mungozi

Pashure vakakurirwa kanoverengeka Slavs chinzvimbo Pechenegs akava richikwidibira. Muzana XI remakore kuRussia akatanga Nguva paumbwe ukuru, uye machinda ichiparara vaiva muArabhu waswedera. Zvisinei, panguva ino, imwe mhirizhonga itsva yakaonekwa iri kumabvazuva. Ndivo Cumans (akasiyana zvinyorwa sezvo Cumans kana Kipchaks). Vakadzinga aimbova varidzi kweGungwa Dema steppes pazvigaro zvavo. Zvinokoshawo kuti muArabhu itsva vakauya akwegura kutenda kwavo - Islam. Vamwe khans kurigamuchira vamwe, nekusiyana, akaramba. feuds kwakadaro vaisagona kuenda kunobatsirei mubatanidzwa.

Cumans uye Pechenegs vakanga ethnically pedyo. Vose vaiva Turkic avanhu. Zvisinei, izvi hazvina kutadzisa ruvengo uye kukunda mumwe vemapato. Cumans uye Pechenegs vakanga dzisakarurama nesimba sezvo parutivi imwe mhirizhonga itsva vaiva yakachena replenishment muAsia, ukuwo Union akanga achitambura kugara hondo nevavakidzani simba.

The tevera dambudziko

Misha muArabhu akaenda muBalkans kana muHungary, apo wakafananidzwa nevanhu vomunzvimbo yacho uye havasisipo kuva yoga rudzi. Zvisinei, ichi ndicho chimwe chezvinhu pfungwa maonero chete.

Maererano neimwe pfungwa, Pechenegs - ndiwo madzitateguru of Gagauz mupenyu muMoldova uye Orthodox. Muzana XI remakore, asi mapoka dzichiri kuwanikwa mune mamwe matsime. Somuenzaniso, vaiitawo hondo Byzantium, Seljuk. Wokupedzisira chakakomba kukuvara kwakakonzerwa kune Turkic rudzi muna 1091, apo masvingo Constantinople, mambo dzibatane mauto uye Polovtsy akakunda vavengi. The kukundwa of Pechenegs rizere uye kwakakwana. Vazhinji vavo hapana akanzwa chinhu.

Kunyange zvakadaro, kuyeuka inowanzorimwa vanogara achiri mupenyu pakati vanhu kwenguva refu. Saka, atova muna 1380, muna Hondo Kulikovo, gamba Chelubey akatanga muhondo yavo duel, akanzi sahwira "Pecheneg".

Mararamiro

Inowanzorimwa, sezvo kuti zviitike, kunyanya kuita mombe maberekero uye Vaidzungaira nemhuka dzavo. Kubatsira nokuti izvi zvaiva ose ezvinhu, sezvo dzokumaruwa mubatanidzwa yaiva yakakura nzvimbo. mudziyo Internal kwakanga kwakadaro. Paiva mapoka makuru maviri. First akagadzirisa pakati Dnieper uye Volga, asi wechipiri vakadzungaira pakati Rus uye Bulgaria. In nomumwe wavo paiva mana siyana. The anofungidzirwa nzvimbo dzokumaruwa nyika yakanga Dnepr, vaiita inowanzorimwa kumadokero uye okumabvazuva.

Musoro worudzi akasarudzwa pamusangano mukuru musangano. Pasinei netsika yekuverenga mavhoti, vanababa nhaka kunyanya vana.

kuvigwa

Pecheneg matongo nzvimbo hunomiririrwa pazvikomo duku. Vakafa tagara musoro wake kumavirira. Kazhinji, munhu akavigwa bhiza rake. Saka, muna pazvikomo, kunze mapfupa evanhu, munewo bhiza. Kunamata kwakadaro ndozvakajairwa kuti nharaunda, vachirarama runochengeta upenyu.

Uyewo muguva uye akasiya siyana mikombe, nhaka kana somubayiro kana sezvo migodhi (mhete, zvishongo uye egoridhe ari Byzantine coinage). Pechenegi - ndiwo zvakare varidzi rinoshamisa zvombo. Saka, pamwe nemasoja vakaviga zvombo. Kazhinji, Saber ichi (Saber).

Marangwanda akawanikwa zvikurukuru pamusoro munharaunda Ukraine. The Russian Pecheneg barrows kunowanzoitwa rinowanikwa Volgograd mudunhu.