Nhengo mbeu kubereka mu maruva miti. How ruchikonzera miti

Mugumo Mesozoic uye ari Cretaceous nguva yepasi wacho biomass kunoratidzwa kutonga uye akasiyana dispersal itsva bazi Kushanduka algae - angiosperms, kana maruva zvirimwa. Zvikonzero Fani iyi vaiva rinokosha zvamuinazvo ari zvombo ari nemamiriro boka.

Nhasi, maruva, mbeu uye michero, zvavakanga kupa, havasi chete chinokosha zvokudya cheni kupfuura biogeocenosis, asi vangakupawo zvokudya vanhu, zvinodhaka mbishi zvinhu, zvoupfumi zvinhu uye zvichingodaro. Kune vanopfuura zviuru 250 angiosperms izvo kuvapo zvakasiyana-siyana zvoupenyu siyana (miti, mizambiringa, miriwo, makwenzi) vogara zvinenge zvose nzvimbo dzenyika, makondinendi uye makondinendi.

Kupatsanura pakati angiosperms

mbeu kubereka Nhengo mu maruva miti - ruva pachayo. Rakanga riri nechivako chake, chitarisiko, uyewo zvimwe morphological vatambi rose dhipatimendi angiosperms rakakamurwa makirasi huru mbiri:

1. Monocots. Kune vanenge zviuru 63 marudzi, vakabatana muna 122 mhuri. Uyewo, boka chinosanganisira 3 zviuru kuzvarwa. The inonyanya mhuri: Zviyo, Liliaceae, ovoid, Palm, Orchids, petsanga, Bromeliads, Nymphaeaceae, mhiripiri uye nevamwe.
2. Dicotyledons. Kupfuura zviuru 190 marudzi, zvakabatana 10 000 kuzvarwa uye 418 mhuri. Vakawanda neyokupedzisira: Cruciferous, Rosaceae, Myrtaceae, muzambiringa, shavishavi nembesa, Solanaceae, amburera nevamwe.

Huru misiyano pakati makirasi aya ari sechivako maruva, mudzi, shizha. Kukosha miti izvi hupfumi riri guru kwazvo (michero uye miriwo tsika hwokurara Textiles, zvokuvakisa, madhayi, mishonga, nezvimwewo), uyewo basa zvakasikwa.

Shanduka zvakagadzirwa ari maumbirwo

Avo dzakawanda. Zviri unhu izvi izvo angiosperms yokudekara zvikuru munyika, saizvozvo akaomarara uye dzakashandisa nzvimbo uye mamiriro okunze zvakatipoteredza.

1. mbeu kubereka Nhengo mu maruva zvinomera - maruva uye nezvimiro mushure muchero. Mbeu kunodzivirirwa, akafukidza kana michero pulp vanachandagwinyira svuura, zvinopa nani zvikuru kurarama marudzi uye dzavo dispersal.
2. A dzakasiyana-siyana dzokudzidzisa vegetative kupararira.
3. Mhando yakawanda pollination.
4. Kwadzakabva of womukati mamiriro kune akaoma zvezvakatipoteredza ezvinhu (kwemvura, kunyanya mwando, inopenya zuva kana kusava, chando, etc.). Izvi akavandudza vascular hurongwa, maruva, mbeu, michero, midzi yakasimba uye zvichingodaro.
5. Kusiyana upenyu siyana.
6. Mashoko maruva hakutsamiri pamberi mvura.

All idzi kubvumira miti izvi kutora nyika kwose kwose uye kuva vatungamiri pakati nemiti.

Dzokubereka nhengo maruva

mbeu kubereka Nhengo mu maruva miti - ari ruva, ipapo zvibereko rakavhara kusimukira mbeu. Zvakakurukurwa ruva mamiriro, ayo chairwo STRUCTURAL zvikamu, nzira pollination uye kukura - izvi zvose zvinoita kuti angiosperms nemamwe Champions pakati miti iri pamuviri basa.

Nokuti murume neruva - iri aesthetic kukwana, izvo zvinogona kuitwa, kupa uye kufadza vamwe, kuti fema kayo kanofadza. Zvisinei, kukosha mune hunhu mamiriro ichi rakanyatsojeka pachena - imwe nhengo mbeu kubereka mu maruva miti. The dzichipfekeka ukoshi iri pakutsvaga dzinotsanagura pakusangana uye kusimudzira sporophytes yembeu.

The nemamiriro ruva

Flower uye muchero upi nhengo angiosperms ari mamiriro ingeniously nemimba uye Organic. Tikafunga yose zvikamu chirimwa achibvumira kuita dzokubereka mashandiro zvakazara, zvisinei okunze uye zvimwe abiotic dzezvakatipoteredza zvinhu.

Ngatikurukurei mukuru zviri ruva mamiriro.

1. hunde Unit:

• peduncle;
• mudziyo.

2. Leaf chikamu. Kuvakwa sepals (kazhinji manyoro), uye petals achiumba Corolla. ruvara Its angava akasiyana zvikuru chena kuti yerima pepuru.

3. rokubereka nhengo. Nhengo dzokubereka nadzo, achivimbisa kuti kubereka vana maruva. It pistils, Stamens, ovary.

Kunze huru rokubereka hurongwa demarcated uye akadzivirira perianth. mamiriro Izvi zvinosanganisira:

• mukapu sepals;
• Corolla pamusoro petals muti.

Perianth inogona kuroorwa kana kaviri, zvichienderana yemiti. Rine vazhinji zvakasiyana zvinhu, zvinokosha anonhuwirira, pigments (carotenoids, xanthophylls, chlorophyll, anthocyanins, uye dzimwe antofeinov). Chaizvo nokuti ruva ichi exudes ane hwema kuti chinokwezva mukume. Corolla ane dzakasiyana kukura uye coloring, zvinokoshawo kukwezvera tumbuyu, shiri, mhuka.

Zvakananga nhengo dzokubereka nadzo maruva chirimwa chinosanganisira gynoecium uye androecium, pasi chinyararire perianth. Androecium - dzakaunganidzwa ose Stamens, kuita mashandiro murume pamuviri nenyere. Stamens nyore mamiriro, inomiririrwa zvivako zvakadaro:

• staminal filament;
• Bellow pamusoro sezvikamu zviviri vakabatana rekutakura;
• microsporangia - matendere mukati anther, umo chirongwa microsporogenesis uye microgametogenesis (paumbwe dzisingaoneki uye microspores).

Pashure tichisunga kunoitika staminal filament anther peduncle, kupanana zvokudya uye metabolic zvigadzirwa. The zvichiguma microspores dzakwidzwa kuumbwa munhurume sporophyte. Mbeu inotungamirira paumbwe seguruva, izvo achatora mugove pakusangana nembeu inotungamirwa.

Flower gynoecium inoumbwa muunganidzwa zvose zvayo constituent pistils. Chimiro Izvi zvinokosha, sezvo rinomiririra, sezvo kare ambotaurwa, hadzi pamuviri nenyere. The pistil ine:

• ovary;
• mbiru;
• stigmas.

Ovary - mamiriro, izvo anoumba widest chikamu pistil. The mukati aumbwa ovules zvinobatanidzwa paumbwe pericarp. Mukati zvivako izvi uye kurongedza megasporogenesis megagametogeneza kuitika. Uyewo ovary kunoitika muitiro wekusangana uye mbeu inotungamirwa, ayo kukura.

Column nomutswi inogona inosiyana. Rinoshandiswa yokukurukura pakati kunongedza ovary. Hwokuratidza kusabereka, kuti haisi kubatanidzwa zvounzenza muitiro.

The rusarura ari inobaya mwoyo guruva chinozova kubva stamen anther. The ukuru uye chimiro zvikamu izvi zvinosiyana, zvichienderana norudzi chirimwa pollination.

Flowering miti: kubereka

Flower ringave riine yakasiyana nenhamba Stamens uye pistils. Kune mamwe marudzi umo mune chete Stamens kana pistils chete - dzinonzi vechirume azvaitwa.

Chiizve Zvinofadza maruva miti? Kubereka, vangava vari pabonde uye asexually, t. E. Vegetatively. Nezvebonde ndiko, kana nechokuita okubereka nhengo. mumwe muitiro kwakadaro anonzi kaviri muchangosangana.

Chaizvoizvo Its ndeiyi. Mushure pollination, yakaorera zvirimwa (active) mukume nyika pamusoro kunongedza akabata ikoko kuburikidza viscous svikiro uye anokosha Sticky zvinoriumba. Zvadaro muchitokisi yakanyura anotanga kukura mukati kwavari, pova mukume chubhu. Zviri kwaari kuti mbiri ovaries dzisingaoneki pamwe haploid yakatarwa okutodza. Kamwe mukati ovule, mumwe iyo merges pamwe zai, zvakazara kuumbwa uye akagadzirira izvi. Saka pane zygote - diploid uye gare gare nokupa pave mbeu.

dzisingaoneki wechipiri fuses pamwe ovule mukati diploid muchitokisi, nechepakati. Mugumisiro ndiyo endosperm. Zvinotevera pezvakaitwa kupedza okubereka basa:

• pamusoro ovule integuments akaumba testa;
• carpel rusvingo nezvigadziko vanoumba pericarp;
• ovule kwose mbeu yose.

Zvinoguma kukura mbeu mukati muchero.

Nzira pollination

Kune akawanda zvinokosha kusarudza kuburikidza iyo mukume nyika pamusoro rusarura. Saka, tarisa nzira pollination pamusoro angiosperms:

1. Self-pollination - pasina kutora chikamu dzimwe vanhu.
2. Tichibatsirwa nemhepo.
3. Nemhaka tumbuyu, mhuka, shiri.
4. Kushandisa mvura.
5. Chakagadzirwa pollination - tichibatsirwa vanhu.

cloning

Kubereka mavara chiri kuitwa vegetatively, kureva pasina zvounzenza kwendangariro. Izvi siyana chaizvo nzira. Chinonyanya kukosha ndechokuti kushandisa dzakasiyana retsono zvikamu (midzi, mashizha, madzinde). Vamwe rakajairika mikana:

• layering;
• masitachi;
• kusonanidzwa;
• nemidzi;
• shizha uye petiole.

Most nzira idzi rinoshandiswa nevanhu ari dilution ine miriwo nemichero zvirimwa.

Mbeu angiosperms

miti yakasiyana - zvakasiyana mbeu. The mamiriro mamiriro izvi zvakafanana, asi chimiro, akafanana, ruvara dzingasiyana. Uyezve, miti inogona kuva gore negore uye perennial. Annual bereka bedzi mbeu, izvo ripen, kazhinji muzhizha kunonoka. Saka, rudzi rutsva chete kuonekwa mumwaka unotevera kukura. Mbeu maruva negore anowanzoshandiswa nevanhu zvakasiyana siyana zvishongo zvirimwa. Ekupedzisira zvinosanganisira asters, eschscholzia, marigolds, begonias, Datura, calendula, mumatanda, Cosmo, miralibis nevamwe vazhinji.

Zvibereko maruva

Flower uye muchero - chinonyanya kukosha chikamu angiosperms. Vanobvumira miti izvi zviripo ezvinhu akasiyana, kuti akachinja zvikuru uye vakawanda.

zvibereko zvinomera kusiyaniswa imwe siyana hombe marudzi, ongororo yavo, kupatsanura uye zvinorehwa vakadzidza ne botanists munyika yose, sayenzi wavo anonzi carpology. Zvinonyanyozivikanwa mabheri, ibwe muchero, nomuapuri, vise, granatina, pod, bhinzi weevil, Gwaro, lionfish, Hesperides, uye vamwe.