Mugore zvakatengeswa Alaska kuna America? Alaska munhoroondo

Nhoroondo kutengeswa Alaska achiri vazhinji funga kumwe chakavanzika kwema Russian. Vamwe vanodavira kuti nyika akatengesa chichiri Empress Catherine II. Vamwe vanofunga kuti hazvina atengeswa Alaska USA, uye yakapiwa nokuda chirevo regal rendi kwemakore makumi mapfumbamwe nemapfumbamwe. Akapera, asi Russian nyika uye havana kudzokera. Kana kare muna nguva Soviet Union munyori mukuru Brezhnev aisada kudzokera.

Asi kana iwe kurangarira gore chii vakatengesa Alaska kuna America, zviri pachena kuti Catherine ichi hachibatsiri. Akatonga Russia munguva pfupi iri Kesari Alexander II. Uye akaita munhau inokosha basa kuti munhu anoratidza kuti vamwe vatongi. chevaux ichi Russian iri kupomerwa kuti akapotsa akapa ndima yakakura. Asi sei zvakanaka zvinhu zvaiva zvechokwadi sezvo rudzi miganhu netriangle akaumba Alaska-Russia-US, mukuru kare pane shanduro imwe chete, zvimwe izvo zvichiri azivikanwa nevakawanda.

jogirafi

Kunyange mwana wechikoro anoziva kuti Peninsula - chando uye hasha nyika, apo pane chando uye kunyunguduka okunze munyika dzine. Hasha dzechando pamwechete mhepo uye chando blizzards iri kumucheto akakoromora - vasingambooni chakaipa nazvo. Izvi hazvishamisi Zvaringana chete kuti kufungidzira uri Alaska apo. The chete Kunze duku chikamu Pacific pamhenderekedzo, apo okunze ari munyoro uye zvakakodzera upenyu hwevanhu. Inosanganisira Alaska yakaoma pamusoro North America kusvikira pamuganhu Canada. Uyezve, rinosanganisira Aleutians, kuti gava, Utatu uye Alexander Archipelago Islands. Uyewo kweItari ichi rakamanikana kanyika munyika kumhanya achitevedza Pacific pamhenderekedzo, zvakabatana Strait Dixon Entrance. Zviri pano, uye ari mumwe kupfuura chepakutanga misorowo munyika - pakati Juneau.

Alaska - Russia

US akadana nharaunda iyi kwete chete se "Russian America." In yechipiri yezana nemisere vaitengesa remakore mbava hwakawedzera vanoratidza kufarira Alaska. Nechekare ari sixties mangwanani pano musi Unalaska Island, akavamba Russian musha uye, chokwadi, chengarava kuburikidza rakanga mined kuti kuchinjanisa furs. Muna 1784 nomushambadzi aiongorora Grigory Shelikhov zvakarurama akaronga pakundopambara kuti nharaunda, umo chitsuwa Kodiak akavaka ugari.

Pakupera kwezana remakore takasvika pano kune navigators European akaedza kunyange kuzivisa Spanish uchangamire pamusoro dzimwe nzvimbo Alaska. Zvisinei, hapana migumisiro havana kubudirira. Uye nhasi pamusoro pavo muzvikamu izvi akafanana chete mashomanana asiri chizvarwa mazita nenzvimbo, akadai Port Valdez.

Shelikhov chete makore mashomanana gare gare iye akatanga sangano ezvokutengeserana makambani kuti kukura Alaska, pakusikwa chakarehwa Vanzveri zvaimirirwa British East India. Rakavakwa muna 1799 uye kwayo musoro wokutanga dzichangobva vakava Alexander Andreyevich Baranov, uyo kubva mukupera eighties aimiririra maindasitiri Russian mu America. Ndiye akavaka misha inoverengeka muna Alaska, kusanganisira Sitka ano, iyo zvino rainzi guta Ngirozi Huru.

Basa boka rose aiva Dual hunhu. Kudivi rimwe, akanga achiparidza dzinodya dzimwe hove mbava, asi panguva imwe chete kwakaita kuti pave mune dzimwe nzvimbo arable dzokurima uye mhuka minda. Kubva mazana masere basa iri complicating hondo ne American uye British vanamuzvinabhizimisi vakanga vakashongera veko Aboriginal vanhu kundorwa Russian.

Muna 1824, Russia akasaina dzakatevedzana zvibvumirwano Hurumende US uye England. Zvinyorwa izvi panguva senyika rinorondedzera miganhu zvinhu Russian kuNorth America. Kusvikira panguva iyoyo, apo Alaska akava American, zvakanga asingasviki mana nehafu emakore.

mudambudziko

Muna 1861, gore kuRussia, sezvo tichiziva kuti abolition kuti serfdom. Kubhadhara muripo landlords dzavo, uyewo kubhadhara mari boka, Kesari Alexander II akamanikidzwa muna 1862 kukwereta Rothschild pa shanu muzana paavhareji annum makirogiramu mamiriyoni gumi nemashanu. Zvisinei, mari magnates nokukurumidza aiva chinhu kudzoka, uye papfuma yamambo yakanga isina.

Pakutanga chirongwa chokuita sale, asi pachinhambo akabatana Alaska kuna America, akataura N. Muravyov-Amur - gavhuna wenyika Eastern kweSiberia. Zvino muna 1853, gore. Maererano naye, ichocho aingovawo hakudzivisiki. Asi kwaari hapana akateerera. Uye makore mana gare gare, Grand Duke Constantine - muduku mukoma Kesari - Alexander akapa "chinhu kufanira" kutengesa. Chinonyanya zvisingakoshi chinhu akazviratidza nyika unexplored kuchamhembe kuti Russian, chaizvoizvo, kwete kugona.

Chokwadi vanhu vakaparadzana, sezvo nhoroondo Russian kutengesa Alaska nhasi panoonekwa vazhinji nenzira yake. Asi mazuva iwayo zvakawanda zvikonzero kupfuura pachena: ndima iyi yakakura kumbobvira akauya Russian mari chaiyo uye gungwa otters, gungwa shumba nedzimwe varidzi furs zvinokosha, izvo panguva iyoyo zvakanga kudiwa kutengeswa nyika, vakawanda kare kuurayiwa maindasitiri. Kazhinji, nyuchi zvikurukuru rakapona chete nokuda dzakawanda dzakatumirwa chando muguta California. Rambai nechando munharaunda iyi mapoka avarwi zvechiuto uye navabati kushanda pano kutanga Tichitarisa muvhu, hazvina basa chii. Russia, vakawanda achangobva akapona Crimean War, aiva nematambudziko emari mushure kukundwa.

prehistory

Sezvingatarisirwa, nhoroondo yedzimudzangara America Alaska ine nhungamiri yacho, uyezve, danho rakadaro vakatevera vamwe zvinangwa uye aiva nechikonzero chakanaka. Zvinozivikanwa kuti mukuvamba namapfumbamwe remakore, nyika ino akauya chinokosha zveminda nokuda mbava kutengeserana, asi nokuda sixties remakore chete zvakava pachena kuti mamwe mari vachava yekudyidzana yakakura kupfuura mari zvinogona purofiti. Zvichaita nguva dzose kuva apedza kwete chete pane banal zviri mundima ino, asi kudzivirira nayo, uye kana imi rangarirai, apo Alaska pamepu, unogona kufungidzira mari yakawanda munyika ino yose kuti mari yacho zvachose Russian Empire.

prerequisites

The pamutemo Nhoroondo kutengeswa Russian Alaska, rinoti pfungwa yacho ngaakuitirei wakabva chinozivikanwa Russian Wenyika Eduarda Steklya. Asi Nhaurirano vakatanga chaiyo panguva apo UK akava kupa dzavo dzinofunga kundima.

Uye kuti akanga chimwe chikonzero nei Russia kwave kuchibatsira chaizvo kubvisa kunyika yokumusoro.

Mubvunzo kana kutengeswa Alaska kuna America, Russian, nhasi akawanda makakatanwa mune gore. Vamwe kudanwa 1866-vakasuwa vamwe - 1867-ndipo. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti vaviri misi izvi anoenderana chokwadi.

muchivande Nhaurirano

Namatanhatu zuva December 1866, mune imwe kwidibira kwakakwidibira chando zuva Kesari Alexander II akadana musangano. Rakanga wakapindwa mukoma wake Prince Constantine, nevashumiri zvomumvura uye mari madhipatimendi, uyewo Baron Édouard Stoeckl - mumiriri Russia kuna Washington. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti pfungwa vechikamu waakazvitengesa akabvumirwa uye akatsigira. Kutaura zvazviri, kubva panguva iyoyo waitanga accession vokuAlaska kuUnited States. Pakutanga akamirira expiry ropafadzo Russian-American kambani, ipapo - the American Civil War. Kunyange zvakadaro, nemisere muna March 1867, gore purezidhendi American Johnson pashure zvikuru kunyatsofunga pakupedzisira akasaina chirevo pamusoro kuchinjwa masimba chaiwo William Seward. Maererano pfungwa yacho Gurukota rezvemari hwakagadzwa uye shoma chikumbaridzo mutengo Alaska: rubles mamiriyoni mashanu. Papera vhiki, yokuRussia Emperor, wakateya miganhu ehurumende, Stoeckl akatuma America kuti pamutemo kuteterera Munyori weHurumende Seward. Pashure paizvozvo, chete chatangwa Nhaurirano kutora nzvimbo, apo zvaibvira kubvumirana nechibvumirano kutenga Alaska kubva Russian ezvinhu kuti madhora mamiriyoni manomwe.

The United States uye tsarist Russia

By kutanga muitiro kutengeswa ukama reRussia pamwe United States asvika kwamvura yacheka makumbo. Kunyange US rave akasimbisa panguva Crimean War, kana kumuganhu kurwa rakawedzerwa, havangavi kutora Anti-Russian chinzvimbo. Kuda kutengesa Alaska yakaitwa yakadzika pakavanda. Zvinoshamisa, panguva iyoyo yatova yakakwana azvipire wokumwe njere mashoko kunyika yechitatu hakuna leaked. The London "Times" akanyora kunetseka chaizvo pamusoro husinganzwisisiki yakawiriranwa tsitsi, achifumira pakati US uye Russia. The zvakawanda kuti mari inobhadharwa nyika izvi kuchamhembe, munguva pfupi zvakashanda, sezvinoita inokosha ndinoiitawo kubva kutengeserana uku uye haigoni kutaura, unotofanira kufungidzira apo Alaska pamepu.

Kusagutsikana Britain akaruramiswa: 1867 chibvumirano gore, kwete chete akaita nyika mbiri idzi pakarepo vavakidzani, asi akaitawo kuti vokuAmerica kubva kumativi ose vakombe British nezvinhu kuchamhembe. Yakawedzera parafini mumoto uye vachiti Uelbridzha American mukuru ari kudya dzebato iri kukudzwa Russian vacho. Zvarinoreva yaiva iyi: munyika pane vaviri Hemisphere chinokosha, Western uye Eastern, uye mumwe anofanira embody United States, uye wechipiri - Russia. Sezvingatarisirwa, zvakanga chete nhete nedzenyu mutambo mashoko, asi chokwadi chinoramba kuti Russian zvakakomba vakatsigira vekuAmerica pakukwirira kwaro yavo.

zvakananga chinja

The kusaina chesungano kwaiva ramakumi matatu March 1867, gore iri Washington. Iye akanzi muna French uye Chirungu, izvo panguva iyoyo zvakanga mutauro nezvibvumirano. Zvinofadza kuti hapana pamutemo rugwaro Russian anongoti havapo. Pasi Pakuurayiwa chibvumirano, kuti America kuyambuka Alaska Peninsula zvakazara, uyewo yaro romumhenderekedzo yegungwa ubvise upamhi ndiwo mamaira gumi kusvika kumaodzanyemba.

The US Seneti, kunyange chokwadi uchenjeri nokutengeserana kwacho, asi ruzhinji nhengo dzayo kutsigira ngaakuitirei.

The namasere October, 1867, Alaska yave pamutemo mumaoko vokuAmerica. On the Russian divi akasaina A. A. Peschurov pasi dzakati pamusoro kuchinjwa mundima - hurumende murayiri chaiyo, mukuru rwechipiri. Zvinofadza, asi nhasi wakatangwa, uye karenda yaGregory. Naizvozvo Alaskans pekufa namasere October, kunyange akatsigirwa wechishanu October. Saka kana mubvunzo wokuti, mune gore vakatengesa Alaska kuna America, mhinduro yakajeka, kuti pazuva nemasaini chesungano hazvigoni akati.

zvitendwa

Nemisere October 1867, gore pa hafu apfuura matatu ari masikati kwakaitika kuchinja mureza pamusoro flagpole riri pamberi peimba gavhuna Alaska. Russian uye American mauto yabuda mumutsetse uye chiratidzo mumwe non-basa mukuru kubva kurutivi rumwe norumwe akatanga tikarega zvishoma mureza vanomutswa mumazuva Russian-American rutsigiro. Zvisinei The mhemberero kwakaitika pave mutambo mukuru,, kusvikira Mureza tangled pamusoro namabote, haana kukonzera breakage rokupenda.

By hurongwa ane vakwasvi shoma vakamhanyira kwakuka, kuedza kududzira chinokosha, navamwe mureza kuti akarembera ari tatters pamusoro pedanda rechikepe. Asi hapana akaziva mhere pasi mukwasvi, kutanga dolezshemu pamberi pake, saka haana kukanda mapfumo nomureza pasi, uye misodzi dai naye. Zvino pamusoro kuti akadonha, mureza akawira pamusoro bayonets Russian. Mystics chiitiko ichi waidai chiratidzo, asi panguva iyoyo hapana chakaitika kufungisisa pamusoro payo. Kazhinji, nhoroondo kuchinjwa Alaska America yakafukidzwa nezviuru ngano, asi vakawanda vavo havana chokwadi.

Glass uye basa rake

A rinokosha pakuita kutengeswa Alaska airidza Wenyika girazi. Kubva 1850 akashanda se mutariri d'Affaires yeRussian Embassy in US, uye kubva 1854, gore zvaitambidzwa pambiru Russian mumiririri. Stoeckl mukadzi akanga American, saka yakanga zvikuru revatema kupinda soro madenderedzwa ane American munzanga. zvakawanda vokukurukura kwakadaro akamubatsira, ivo vakabatsira kuti Implementation yacho kutengeserana. Russian Wenyika vachishingairira vanoedza kuti zvinodiwa Russian Emperor. Kuti anyengetedze weSeneti kuti chisarudzo kutenga Alaska Stoeckl akapa pfumbamuromo, uchishandisa kwokubatana ake. Alexander II vamutarira mubayiro makumi maviri nezvishanu zvamadhora, uyewo hwose mudyandigere zviuru zvitanhatu rubles.

Edward A. pakarepo pashure kutengeswa Alaska vauye St. Petersburg kwenguva pfupi, asi nokukurumidza vakatamira Paris. Zvisinei, kusvikira kumugumo woupenyu hwake pasi Wenyika kubudikidza Russian vanhu, it zvakare. Pashure nhoroondo Alaska rakachengetedzwa shure girazi notoriety. Uye izvi zvikonzero zvavo.

Uripiko mari?

mamiriyoni manomwe makumi matatu nezvishanu zvamadhora - kuti sei pachinopiwa pakutanga akabvuma mamiriyoni 7.2 Eduard Stoeckl akatambira cheki, siya pachako mubayiro, anenge zana nemakumi zviuru makumi mashanu kuparadzirwa sezvo chiokomuhomwe vakuru akavhotera ratification, uye navamwe mari Kutamiswa kubudikidza pamahombekombe kuchinjirwa kuLondon. kubva St. Petersburg nomugungwa akadzingirira watengwa yose goridhe rakawandawo Gráfica. Vamwe chikamu muripo akarasika, uye kana kuchinjwa kuti makirogiramu nendarama. Asi zvakanga zvisiri yokupedzisira kurasikirwa Russia.

The chikuru zvenhoroondo mubvunzo haisi kana, mune chii gore vakatengesa Alaska kuna America, uye kuti chii chakaitika Ndakatengesa mari kutengeserana.

Kuhukura Orkney, mungarava yaiva refu-akamirirwa Russian hurumende kuti nhumbi, navatanhatu yaJuly hwaderera kare munzira kuenda St. Petersburg,-gore 1868. It achiri zvisingazivikanwi kana zvakanga ndarama pamusoro payo, kana hazvina kubuda Albion. Uyezve, kambani yacho inishuwarenzi akataura pacharo zvachose kusauka, uye saka kukuvara Russian reimbursed chete aoma. It akatadza kubhadhara chikwereti Rothschild, asi munda tsarist kweRussia makuru zvakadaro akarasika.

Zvikanganiso uye kufungidzira

Nhoroondo Russian kutengesa Alaska achiri pave zvemarudzi ose siyana uye mukufunga. Sezvo Nhaurirano yaiitwa muna nedzidziso pakavanda, kusaina chesungano refu kuvigwa. Uye pashure chete pagore "nedzenyu Regore" yakabudiswa French Convention. pakavanda ichi uye nokuda kwounyanzvi kufungidzira munzvimbo yokutanga kuti vakapfuura United States muna Alaska risi kwemakore makumi mapfumbamwe nemapfumbamwe, uye pashure nguva ino zvichanzi kudzokera zvakare kuna Russia. Ichi yakakanganiswa shanduro akava akadzika midzi kuti kana nguva iyi rapera, pakati rokupedzisira remakore vakatanga kuridza zvinodiwa uchatamisa shure nayo. Asi zvinosuwisa kuti raingova chikanganiso. Alaska haina kurenda panze, uye akatengeswa zvachose.

zvinhu

Sezvineiwo, United States mumakore maviri emakore nokushingaira kwakawedzera ndima yayo. Vashomanana vanoziva kuti muna 1803 America rokuFrance mamiriyoni gumi nemashanu emadhora akatenga Louisiana, gare gare kuti mubatanidzwa katatu zvishoma pane zvakanga panguva iyoyo Spain akabudirira vawana Florida. Nechekare gumi Makore gare gare, muna 1818, gore apo chikamu "nhaka" kuti United States kubva Mexico vakapfuura chikamu chikuru mundima.

No zvishoma kunoshamisa uye kuti mumwe mukuru Alaska mamiriro akatanga chete muna 1959 uye kwete 1867, apo yaitengeswa.