Modern trams muMoscow uye St. Petersburg

Tisati kutanga nyaya yedu, regai kubuda shure zvishoma kubva wenyaya uye yeuka mabhuku, kureva zvibereko shasha Mihaila Afanasevicha Bulgakova. Fungidzira mukoto pamusoro tateguru vake mumadziva , uye ugare pasi pedyo nemabhenji pairi kuisa vanhu vatatu kutaura kwazvo ... In wavatorwa mutorwa mubvunzo kuti Mikhail Berlioz kuzoita manheru ichi, sachigaro Massolit akati kuti achaita kubatanidzwa mumusangano.

, этого никак быть не может , — твердо возразил иностранец . "- No seizvi haangavi, - akati zvakasimba mutorwa.
Это почему ? - Nei?
Потому , — ответил иностранец ... — что Аннушка уже купила подсолнечное масло , и не только купила , но даже и разлила . - Nokuti, - akati nomutorwa ... - kuti Anna yakatobuda vakatenga mafuta sunflower, uye kwete chete akaritenga, asi kunyange akadurura. что заседание не состоится ». Saka kuti musangano asingadi kuitika. "

Chokwadi, Berlioz akaororwa, asi kunzwisisa chii chazezesa Anna, akanga asina kukwanisa. Pashure vaviri maawa, vachisiya Woland neshamwari yake, mudetembi pekugara pamusoro pabhenji, Mihail Aleksandrovich akaenda kunomuchingamidza, sezvo pava paya akatendeuka kuti akafanorongerwa nomugumo ... Saka vakatanga dzakatevedzana yose rinoshamisa zviitiko zvinorondedzerwa muna asingakanganwiki Bulgakov kuti yokufungidzira.

Nhasi musi Yakachena madziva anogona kusangana chitima chinoshamisa kuti anotakura zita vachinyara kwazvo Annushki airidza chinouraya basa. Modern trams kuti romp kuburikidza njanji yeRussia uye nyika, Chokwadi, yokunzvenga "Annushka" nokukurumidza uye kunyaradzwa, asi, kukurukura kujairika chokufambisa, tichakudza uye nehanya nazvo.

Zvimwe zviitiko achirova design, zvinoshamisa youinjiniya zvinogadzirisa, nokukurumidza. Vagari vanowanzoshandisa mabhazi, kumbojaira kune novelties uye nzvimbo dzimwe nguva anoita zvirambe. Ndezvipi, trams ano? Ivo vakaziva vatungamiriri?

Nokuti vaya havadi kuwandisa kwemotokari mumigwagwa

Chinetso kuwandisa kwemotokari mumigwagwa rinoshanda nhasi kwete chete nokuda maguta, asiwo amachinda mumataundi maduku. In nhokwe awa mugwagwa migweje kuitira kuti panowanikwa kunotoitika kuzara. Munyika dzakasiyana-siyana dambudziko iri agara achiedza kugadzirisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana: kutsvaka zvinotsiva kuvaka mamwe makwara, kuedza popularize mabhazi. The piyona aiva bhazi. Zvisinei, izvozvo zvakaitika nokukurumidza kuti awana ari kuwandisa kwemotokari mumigwagwa, kanenge "motokari dziri." Asi chitima aigona kubvisa matambudziko akadaro, nokuti unorema turakiti anomhanya achitevedza mugwagwa, pane zvakananga pamusoro payo. Saka chitima aigona nyore kutedzemuka kare makiromita akawanda kuwandisa kwemotokari mumigwagwa, apo trolley mabhazi uye vakaenda navo chete pusa Kupinda, uyewo mutakurwi motokari.

Izvi ndozvakaita kuti pave mazuvaano uye kubudirira. Munyika dzakawanda munyika nokuda pagadzirwe trams ano kuti vachibhejera zvinhu zvikuru. Russia ndiyo chikamu denderedzwa kunyika kuedza kukudziridza yayo kugadzirwa uye pamwe vanotenga motokari kunze. Nhasi, trams ano romp mumaguta akawanda guru Russian Federation.

The nzira pakukwana

Kana chiduku chitima ngoro dzakanga zvakatanga tichibatsirwa horsepower, navazhinji izvi. Kunyange rwiyo "High-nokukurumidza chitima" akaisa aionga vatakurwi bhiza Trailers. Progress akataura, uye electric motor chakatsindirwa wengoro. Pakupera kwezana remakore rechi19 Wekutanga trams yemagetsi. Vaiva kana anokosha nokukurumidza kana nyaradzo sandara, uye takazobhabhatidzwa yatsiviwa yamunenge zvifambiso - bhazi. MuSoviet Union zvakanga Vakawanda vaidavira kuti chitima nyaya yave vakaneta pacharo zvachose. Pakazopera zana remakore rechi20, chokufambisa ichi inogona kuonekwa zhinji dzematunhu mumaguta uye kunyange emunharaunda nzvimbo, asi kunyange ipapo pakanga obsolescence. KuMadokero, Zvichakadaro, vakaona Renaissance chaiye chitima. Somuenzaniso, pamusoro mumigwagwa New York panguva iyoyo kare aiyangarara munhu ano chiedza njanji, izvo haangatongozununguswi pamusoro njanji uye akatambanudza tambo, kufanana funicular.

Russia kamwe zvakare akataura nzira iyi kufamba pakutanga kwezana remakore idzva. Nhasi, ari nezvifambiso kwezvivako iri kukura nokukurumidza. Somuenzaniso, muna Volgograd zvinozadzisa ano chiedza njanji zvinopfuura pasi, kufanana pevhu. In Magnitogorsk, aisimbisa uye vakwana zvetsika chitima. Peter ane chikuru samambure kuRussia makwara uye anoyevedza rengarava. Uye mumigwagwa guru aienda vasununguka trams anogona kukwikwidzana kuti musoro kupfuura ano munyika.

Dambudziko zveburiro yakaderera

Kukura ano chokufambisa zvakagadzirwa chinhu chikuru dambudziko akaramba kwenguva refu nguva kumhanya, nekuti icho uriri chitima aiva mukuru zvikuru. Hazvisi chete nyaya kunyaradza vanhu, sezvo zvingaita sokuti pakutanga kuaona. Kuvapo Matanho kukanganisa mashoko kumhara uye kumhara nokukurumidza, kunyanya rinononotsa chinhu ichi vakwegura, vanhu vane mikwende, nevana, vanhu vakaremara. Izvi overloads nemambure yose.

Kugadzirisa dambudziko racho vagadziri vakaedza nzira dzakasiyana-siyana. Asi pakupedzisira dambudziko chete kubvumira zvizere kudzokorora mudziyo chassis. Chikamu zvikamu uye zvinoriumba kwave vakatamira padenga.

Polish trams "Pesa" - kunyanya Russia

A chinokosha chikamu trams itsva, iyo nhasi kushumira migwagwa Russian, akatenga kwose. PESA Polish chirimwa, riri muguta Bydgoszcz, kunyanya Russia anotangazve mienzaniso mitatu trams, "Foxtrot", "Krakowiak" uye "Jazz". Kuwedzera kwakajairika yokutevedzera rimwe chete kabhini, Poland anomurwira kunyange chomuruki anogona kupinda zvose kumativi. Pari inosimbiswa pamwe Polish mugadziri uye Ural chirimwa apo trams itsva kubudiswa nokukurumidza.

Russian R1

Zvishoma nezvishoma kuvandudzika yayo kugadzirwa. Unonyanya ano chitima, izvo zvichava kutengeswa muRussia zvipfuwo kumusika, akataura Russia One, kana R1. Chine cabins maviri, yakaderera paburiro, Ultra-ano futuristic magadzirirwo hwomutambarakede kabhini. Pari, "Uralvagonzavod" akaita kwakamutsa kumumvuri idzva chokufambisa Mapaipi kuchaita yaishandirwa pfupi.

The mugadziri anovimbisa kuti Serial trams achange akasiyana kumumvuri kuti hapana kupfuura shoma muzana. Nhasi, vanamazvikokota vanoti chete drawback ndiyo duku Salon yokuvaka vanokwanisa - rokunyaradza chair uye kangas anobvumawo vanhu 28 chete (agere). Asi zvichida zviri kuwedzera zvigaro uye nokudaro vachatitaka anokudza Serial ivhu kubva kumumvuri.

Modern trams guta

Chitima dhepoti Moscow unozvikudza wandei yemashoko motokari ano, asingadi bvumidza kutakura muEurope uye US. Modern chitima muMoscow - ichi hachisi kwechokwadi, asi zvakakodzera nokuda kuwandisa kwemotokari mumigwagwa nechiyero.

Pamwe chete Polish chitima mumigwagwa guru aienda chokufambisa, vakabva conveyors "Uralvagonzavod". Mukutanga yokupisa, Metropolitan Park kukasawedzerwa pamwe michina mitsva, asi chete kusvikira pakupera kwegore riri vakaronga kupa 120 trams ano mumhuri kugadzirwa.

Municipal Transport muSt Petersburg

Northern Capital, akapfuma Antiquities uye nhoroondo pazvivako, anozivikanwa uyewo aikosha sezvinoita trams. Petro yavakateedza zvizhinji, somunhu Ultra-itsva uye mazambiringa. Vamwe ndivo chete rwavakaita migwagwa, vaikungurutsa vashanyi kuti nhoroondo nzvimbo St. Petersburg.

Uyewo chaikoshawo ndechokuti chitima ano muSt Petersburg anogona kusangana kwete chete nzvimbo asiwo namafuro. Somuenzaniso, kumaodzanyemba-dzokumadokero kumucheto nhema nzira nhamba 56. Yakabudiswa neZvapupu kambani French "Alstom" chokufambisa rinoita achangobuda zvinodiwa otarira pakanyorwa St. Petersburg nzvimbo yakaita university.

Zvikuru kujairika trams muRussia uye migwagwa munyika

Kunze pachena basa kuti vanhu, trams uye dzimwe nguva kuita chisingatarisirwi zvachose mabasa. Somuenzaniso, muMilan, unogona kushanyira chitima-sauna. Chokwadi, nzvimbo iyi haisi anotasva vakakomba guta, uye yakaiswa zvechigarire. MuNetherlands, pane chitima-hotel, izvo ngoro dzikwanise hwomutambarakede pokugara. Hungary Anozvirumbidza wakarebesa nemamiriro munyika - kureba kwarwo 52 mamita.

Individual nzeve, trams Datenroku. Mumwe wavo kare Akakwezva vashanyi muLviv. Zvakanaka, "Anna", mukusiyana kuti dzakawanda masangano aya havasi kuunganidza guruva ichinyaradzwa mupaki uye anokwira nzira. Its mukati uye Muterere, sezvo kuti zviitike, anoreva inoshamisa nyika Bulgakov kuti enganonyorwa.