Millet - kuti ... Zvirimwa

Tsika kubika mapfunde Porridge iri midzi yakadzika kare. Millet - chiri chipiriso wekare, akapinda Russia kubva China kana Mongolia. Yakabwinyiswa tsanga chirimwa ndiyo yegorosi.

Huru kugadzira nzvimbo

Pari, pane kuti 500 mhando mapfunde. Cropping nzvimbo dzinozivikanwa inogarwa vagari dzisinganayi uye Semi-dzisinganayi ekunze. From Asia (China, Mongolia, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka) pamusana anopfuura 55% munyika mapfunde kugadzirwa. On dzomuAfrica (Nigeria, Ethiopia, Mali, Tanzania, Uganda, Senegal) - kusvika 25%. Yaimbova Soviet Union dzinowanzotsigi- mapfunde rapera muna inowanzorimwa mudunhu kuUkraine uye Kazakhstan sezvo zviyo chikafu, uye muna Republic of Belarus - ave zvokudya.

Millet muRussia

On mundima Russian Federation pane 8 siyana zvinomera, uye kukudziridzwa 2 chete navo: zvavo mapfunde - Panicum muliaceum L. (zviyo) uye capitate - Setaria italica L (girini guru kuti mhuka zvokudya).

Zvichienderana chirango inflorescences vanhuwo mapfunde ane 5 subspecies: denderedzwa uye Komov (cultured somunhu thermophilic uye kwemvura), uye kuparadzira mapazi (zvishoma thermophilic, anogona kukura kunyange Nechernozemie) uye compressed (Wilted).

Setar (Italian, Borovoye mapfunde) iri kurimwa kuFar East. Rine 2 subspecies - mapfunde kutya.

The zvirimwa zvikuru mapfunde munhuwo kusimbiswa Western Siberia, Bashkiria, muna Central Black Earth, yakaorera nyika North eCaucasus. Area unodyarwa mangwanani achikura mhando mhunga, vari kuramba vachiwedzera Non-Black Earth uye Eastern kuSiberia.

zvoutachiona zvinhu

Millet - chiri gore negore, kuzvicheka-pollinating, photophilous chirimwa. Zvinomera ipfupi - maviri mwedzi mina. Kana kudyara mu paupamhi anopa nomwe mhango madzinde, kazhinji tillering - 2-3 kwedzinde.

Huru zvirimwa (rye, gorosi, bhari, oats) vane mashizha maduku ari hunde pane mapfunde. Inflorescence - panicle dzakasiyana mhando kubva kupararira kune bundu.

Midzi anogona zvinopfuura hafu-mutinhimira udzamu, asi mukuru inosimbisa gobvu yaiva marongera anosvika 40 masendimita.

Growth pashure kumera chinono (2-3 kwemavhiki), nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, kuti chirimwa anodzivisa kukura masora zvakaipa. Mapfunde - muti, vachirayira kuti Nehunde kumusoro mwando chokumusoro ivhu rukoko: vazhinji mwando, kukura nodal midzi nokukurumidza. Under vanoshorwa ezvinhu zvingaitika inogarwa kurwadza uye breakage midzi. The kuchinyanya kunobva mwando tillering wemari inotonhorera Kuwanikwa, achiita vanodyara nguva (May 15), anodiwa mbeu udzamu (5 cm) pasipasi masora.

zvekurima ouinjiniya

Millet munhu belay chakanaka panguva chirimwa apo vamwe zvirimwa (zvose yechando uye chitubu) haana imere kana kufa. Izvi imhaka mukupera yokudyara nguva - kubva mid-May kusvika June. Mbeu vanotanga imere pamwe chete panguva kumbonyanya yakakwirira tembiricha - 14 madhigirii, riri kuonekwa yakanakisisa tembiricha rworwendo 18.

Millet - iri vachikumbira kuti ivhu nemamiriro chirimwa: soro goho vakachengeta pamusoro STRUCTURAL chernozem uye Chestnut nevhu (matani 50 muzana hectare). Kurimwa nyika kwazvakarerekera uye Midzanga maitiro kana mwando ndiyo headroom yakakwana kunogona stably kupa dzakakwirira goho.

Nokuti chokuti weediness kunotungamirira tikarega goho, zvakakodzera kunyatsogadzirira pasi nokuda pakudyara: snegouderzhanie, mangwanani ambopinda (kare apo sora rekutanga imere) kusvikira matatu akatevedzana cultivations panguva pamatunhu ungwandangwanda.

For kupindirana Goho muchirimo inoda kuberekesa - calcium, phosphorus, senitrogen. Izvi hazvidi, kana Precursors ose mapfunde matapiri kana beets: hwevhu anoramba kumusoro. goho rakanaka mapfunde goho, pashure zvirimwa muchando. In monoculture kufa nokuda zvirwere kukundwa fungal.

The chikuru tupukanana zvinomera - tate, midges chingwa, cicadas, chokumisa borer.

Goho ose mapfunde murombo muRussia: kubva 8 kusvika 12 matani muzana hectare, apo mune kweSoviet muKazakhstan rakakurumbira zvose pamusoro nyika vakagamuchira Chaganak Bercy kukohwa anenge 156 makirogiramu por hectare muna 1941, uye muna 1943 - 201.

Food ukoshi

Uremu mapfunde zvokudya vakapfuura pakuongororwa nguva: mapfunde mu Russia ndiyo yechipiri chete Greek.

To bhari zviyo chinogadzirwa. Millet yabva chete ine goko ruva rinonzi Dranets. Pashure kukuya mapfunde yapihwa. Yakapwanyika - byproduct panguva kukuya. Uye mufashoni flakes - mugumisiro chafariz uye zvokuimba kurapwa wegorosi.

Rating mapfunde yakafanira muviri (kusvika 13% mapuroteni, vanenge 81% starch, 3.8% mafuta), pakati nepakati munuhwi (kuronda zvinhu uye chicherwa munyu) semushonga (vhitamini B boka kugutsikana kukuru kupfuura dzimwe tsanga), uye muwanire razvarivaemosti kumusoro digestibility.

Zvinoitwa nezviyo zviyo pamusoro unhu ruvara

By mapfunde tsanga ruvara kuchinyanya akakamurwa zvitatu mhando: wokutanga mhando - chena uye Cream ruvara, wechipiri - mapfunde tsvuku (zvose rinokumutsira Range iyi shava), wechitatu - pamwe tsvuku ruvara. Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana kukudziridzwa mapfunde RF Orlowski uye zvipfupi Vsepodolyanskoe-59 basa yokutanga mhando; Standard Gorlinka, Barnaul-80 Orenburgskoe-9-6 Saratov, Saratov-3, Omsk-10 Lipetskoe - wechipiri uye Kinelskoye-92 Belgorodskoye-1, 8-Kharkov uye Kharkov-57 - rechitatu.

Color zviyo zvinobva kuvapo kana kusavapo anthocyanins (colorants). Chinoumba (mapfunde) ane inopenya ruvara (gobvu tsvuku) yechitema, akapa ndichibvunza zviyo azvaitwa kumusoro sezvo nevatengi unhu uye mutengo.

zvadzinofura ukoshi

Millet - chinhu chinokosha zvokudya iri mhuka minda uye yehuku kurima.

Unpolished zviyo mapfunde rinoshandiswa sezvo chikafu shiri: sheche wakawedzera zai kugadzirwa, kuwedzera simba goko uye huku mapfunde Porridge nezviyo - anodiwa simba. Millet furawu muvhenganiswa nezvokudya yokuvirisa nguruve yakakodzwa uye shiri. Matongo kubva kugadzirwa gorosi yaishandiswa achigadzirira mhuka dyisa, uye sezvo pfungwa yokushanda mhuka zvokudya.

Millet mashanga zvakawanda anokosha ari roughage pane uswa vamwe zviyo, sezvo pashure pakukohwa anoramba girini uye ane zvakawanda mashizha.

Fresh mapfunde (rwegirini) - zvokudya zvakaisvonaka kuti mombe namakwai, saka zviri kazhinji kudyarwa mafuro.

mbeu shiri Chero mhuka unoitwa nokuda yacho mapfunde. Munguva ichangopfuura, pane tsika kumanikidza mapfunde pamusoro hanyanisi zvishoma zvakawanda (midziyo, rwakapetwa nepanhovo) nokuti vose decoration uyewo kuti yehuku.

Órgãos mitengo nokuti mapfunde mu Russia

Nokuda mukuru okuchengetera guru chokuita zvose zvipenyu unhu (zviyo akanaka kwazvo, zvinoda kufefetedza kana kutonhora), uye kuvimba okunze, kazhinji akapa kutengeswa zvokudya mapfunde. Mutengo vakarwira zviyo kunobva unhu: yacho pedyo zvinodiwa mureza, saka zviri kumusoro. Huripo zvitengeswa zvinodiwa kuti kubudiswa zviyo vakaoma zvakakwana uye kwete okurima nemakambani zvose (yakatokura) inogona kwavari. Aina mapfunde mudzimai zvokurima vaburitsi asiri anouya. Huru kupinzwa kubva Turkey uye Mongolia - nyika inobereka yepamusoro mapfunde.