Meaning zvinomera zvakasikwa. Basa zvinomera zvakasikwa

All zvipenyu panyika rakakamurwa cellular uye vasiri cellular, yokupedzisira inosanganisira chete wanda. Chokutanga rakakamurwa eukaryotes (masero aya ane neerekitironi) uye prokaryotes (hapana musimboti, DNA haana okuwedzera kudzivirira). Ekupedzisira zvinosanganisira utachiona. A eukaryotes vari rakakamurwa kunoshamisa umambo: mhuka, notumwe uye zvirimwa. Meaning zvinomera zvakasikwa kunokosha chaizvo. Bazi, iyo inodzidza zvinenge izvi inonzi bhotani. Ichi chikamu sayenzi akadai zvipenyu. Kukosha zvinomera hwedu tinenge kukurukura munyaya ino.

Sei vakasiyana nezvimwe zvinhu?

Kutanga, chii musiyano hwaJehoshafati zvakasikwa Plants vamwe vose. Chokutanga, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti vari autotrophs, kureva pachavo zvibereko vakazvimisira makemikari nyaya. Dyarai masero vachizivawo kusiyana ne masero mhuka. Zvikurukuru zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti vane zvakasimba sero rusvingo anoumbwa cellulose. In mhuka, masero ari yeplasma Kamudzira dzamutswa glycocalyx, iine makabhohaidhiretsi. Nokuda kuti kuburikidza yakasimba musero rusvingo masero usingawaniki goho yakawanda basa zvinhu, pane vacuoles, uko vanounganidza uye. Young Sero organelles Data zvakawanda, uye vane diki. Kwapera nguva, ivo batanidza kupinda imwe huru nechepakati vacuole. Vanewo anokosha organelles nokuda kwetunhu Organic zvinhu - ichi chloroplasts. Uyezve, pane mhando mbiri plastids - chromoplasts uye leucoplasts. Aimbova ane anokosha pigments, izvo zvinogona Somuenzaniso, kukwezva mukume kune maruva. In leucoplasts uyewo stocking dzimwe zvinovaka muviri pakutanga ari starch.

Meaning zvinomera zvakasikwa

The chikuru basa zvipenyu izvi chokuita navo autotrophs. Basa zvinomera zvakasikwa haagoni rudo vanokosha, sezvo ivo tipei chinhu pasina zvatakanga Aisagona dziripo. Ndosaka dzinonzi mapapu edu nyika. Basa zvinomera zvakasikwa chokuita muitiro photosynthesis naro zvinenge izvi anowanei pachako muviri. Izvi ndizvo hwaro hwose Panyika. Uyewo anodyara ukoshi zvakasikwa ndechokuti vari chikuru tsime makemikari nyaya mhuka, muviri pachawo risingagoni kubereka navo, uye mukuru link chuma zvokudya. Saka, herbivores Tidzidze zvinenge izvi, carnivores kudya herbivores, uye zvichingodaro. D.

Chii photosynthesis?

Izvi ndizvo makemikari maitiro umo zvinhu zviri aumba kubva inorganic Organic. Plant nokuda kwayo Implementation zvinoda mvura uye carbon dioxide, uyewo zuva simba. Somugumisiro, muviri anowana shuga, riri zvakafanira kuti upenyu naye, uyewo okisijeni sechinhu byproduct, iyo anosunungurwa panze. Zviri nemhaka zvinomera, uye tinogona kurarama redu, sokunge kwete kwavari, paisazova okisijeni yakakwana kuvapo mhuka. In avo prehistoric nguva, apo upenyu panyika yakanga ichangotanga kubuda, yakachena pamwero mumhepo yakanga haawanzotauri edza pane vaviri muzana. Zvino, nemhaka basa zvinomera kwemabhiriyoni emakore, mhepo nokuti pazana inoumbwa inokosha gasi mhuka. Ndicho upenyu zvinomera zvakasikwa akabvumira simuka humwe umambo hwose zvipenyu (kunze nemavhairasi uye utachiona, kwakaitika ipapa).

Apo chirongwa photosynthesis?

Sezvo isu munotoziva kuti ndicho kukosha zvinomera zvakasikwa, zvino kuzvitarisa zvizere.

Izvi zvinoitika muna mashizha, uye zviri mitema nhengo. It chikamu ruvara chlorophyll, izvo zvinopa zvinomera uye dziberekane zvakadai, uyewo makemikari - dzinongoitika catalysts kuti kubvumira makemikari kuita zvikuru nokukurumidza uye pasina kushandisa dzakakwirira tembiricha. Panguva photosynthesis, chloroplasts ndivo organelles mutoro, vari mashizha masero uye zvishoma - madzinde.

The nemamiriro chloroplast

organoid Izvi zvinoreva avo vane mumwe membrane. Chloroplasts vane ribosomes dzavo kuti zvinodiwa mapuroteni usage. Uyezve, muna chizvaro pakati ichiyangarara organelle dzeraundi morekuru reDNA, umo akanyora mashoko mapurotini izvi. Uyewo pangava starch uye lipids. The chikuru zvinoumba ari chloroplast anganzi hanyanisi, iyo ine thylakoids, ukapisa murwi. Zviri thylakoids uye kwawakananga chirongwa photosynthesis. Rine chlorophyll uye ose anodiwa makemikari.

Makemikari maitiro photosynthesis

Inogona akanyorwa mukana wokuti vanhu vanga ichi: 6SO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2. Ndiko, kana chirimwa achagamuchira moles pamusoro carbon dioxide inobvisa uye mvura nhanhatu, kunogona kushanda kubva mumwe nhuta kuti shuga uye moles reokisijeni kuti vachamira mumhepo matanhatu.

Kusiyana zvinomera zvakasikwa

Zvirimwa zvose zvinogona rakakamurwa chete-celled uye zvipuka zvine masero akawanda. Aimbova zvinosanganisira algae zvakadai chlamydomonas, euglena uye nevamwe. Zvipuka zvine masero akawanda, akavapindurawo, akakamurwa achikwirira ezasi. Ekupedzisira zvinosanganisira algae. Izvi imhaka yokuti havana miviri, muviri wavo inomiririrwa thallus yakasimba, izvo masero undifferentiated. Algae inogona rakakamurwa mutema, nezvakarukwa zvitema-mutema, tsvuku uye mashava. Vanogona kushandiswa indasitiri, vadya vose mhuka uye vanhu.

Yepamusorosoro zvinomera vane siyana kwemarudzi. Chokutanga, mapoka makuru maviri zvinogona kupatsanurwa - spore uye mbeu. Boka rokutanga rinosanganisira ferns, horsetails, tsvimbo mosses uye mosses. Ichitanga vose upenyu rinoumbwa dzakasiyana zvizvarwa vaviri sporophyte uye gametophyte. Seed zvinomera zviri rakakamurwa gymnosperms (izvi zvinosanganisira Conifers, Ginkgo uye sagovnikovye) uye angiosperms, kana maruva zvirimwa.

Pakati yokupedzisira mapoka maviri kunogonawo kusiyaniswa: monocots uye dicots. Vakasiyana ari nhamba cotyledons (sezvo zita rinoreva, pangava maviri kana rimwe). Vane zvimwe kusiyana nemamiriro, pamusoro rokunze chikamu pfungwa, unogona kusarudza kirasi umo kupiwa chirimwa. In monocots fibrous midzi, uye mune dicotyledons - tsvimbo. Kutanga yakafanana kana arcuate venation papepa, uye wechipiri - a pajira riya kana feathery. Aimbova vanosanganisira mhuri yakadai zviyo, orchidaceae, Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae (s subfamily hanyanisi), etc. Pakati dicotyledonous nekusiyanisa vakadaro .. Mhuri: Solanaceae, Rosaceae, Cruciferae (Brassica), Magnolia kirasi, Hazel, Beech uye vamwe vakawanda. angiosperms All anokwanisa anotumbuka, saka, kuwedzera paro mashandiro, chirimwa Data uye kuita zvakawanda aesthetic.

mhedziso

Pashure kuverenga nyaya ino, zvinganzi vakagumisa kuti miti basa rinokosha zvakasikwa, haagoni kurarama asina upenyu Panyika uye nesu. Saka zvinokosha zvikuru kuti atsigire ndichengetedze mukuru-mugiredhi masango kuti munatse yedu mhepo uye kutipa kuti kuvapo okisijeni. Uyewo, zvirimwa ndivo hwaro mhuka dzinofura, uye kana ivo zvapfuura, ipapo boka iri zvipenyu ingori hapana kutora makemikari nyaya.