Marongerwo kushanda womunhu marangwanda. The nemamiriro marangwanda

Marangwanda mufananidzo zvichakurukurwa gare gare, ndiko uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. pfupa mumasero nhengo. Shoko rine midzi Greek. In rokushandura, izwi rinoreva "kuomeswa". The marangwanda anoonekwa kuva pusa rutivi zvetsandanyama nemapfupa hurongwa. Inokudziridza kubva mesenchyme. Next, kunyatsotarisisa marangwanda: mamiriro, basa, uye zvichingodaro ..

pabonde zvinhu

Tisati tataura pamusoro chii mabasa anoitwa munhu marangwanda, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa vanoverengeka siyana zviri chikamu ichi muviri. Kufarira zviri STRUCTURAL zviri zvimwe zvepabonde. In zvachose mune 206 mapfupa anoumba marangwanda (mufananidzo kunoratidza ose okunze). Zvinenge zvose aibatanidza mune rimwe chikwata achishandisa mapfundo, nemarunda nezvimwe majoini. Nemamiriro yose marangwanda varume nevakadzi zvakafanana. Chinokosha misiyano pakati pavo havana kuwanikwa. Zvisinei, kusiyana dzinowanikwa chete siyanei siyana kana hukuru nomunhu zvinhu uye hurongwa kuti vanoita. Unonyanya pachena musiyano, iro rine urongwa marangwanda varume nevakadzi, zvinosanganisira Somuenzaniso, kuti mapfupa minwe uye migumo pakutanga yakati rebei uye mukobvu, saka kuti mukupera. Nokudaro tuberosity (kugadzira migove tsandanyama fibers) kunotaurwa, avanotarisira kuva kwakasimba muna vanhurume. Vakadzi vane vakwanise chiuno uye muchipfuva nechekare. Panyaya chechikadzi kusiyana dehenya, vari zvakare asingakoshi. Panyaya iyi, nyanzvi kazhinji inogona kunetsa kuziva muridzi nayo: mukadzi kana murume. Panguva iyoyowo ekupedzisira nevagari vayo uye bulging protuberance hwakasimba ziso nezvigadziko zvakawanda ukoshi sinuses akaratidza nani. Mumakore evanhu dehenya mapfupa zvinhu zviri zvishoma mukobvu kupfuura mukadzi. Anteroposterior (longitudinal) uye kutwasuka parameters kwechikamu chino marangwanda nevanhu vakawanda. Women dehenya capacity vanenge 1300 masendimita ^3. Varume, mufananidzo uyu zvakare zvakawanda - 1450 ^cm3. Musiyano Izvi nokuda diki zvinonyatsorehwa kukura munhukadzi muviri.

hofisi musoro

The marangwanda kusiyanisa zvikamu zviviri. Zvikurukuru, rine truncal uye musoro mahofisi. The yokupedzisira, akavapindurawo, rinosanganisira facial uye chepfungwa chikamu. Brain mugove unotora zviviri zvenyama, parietal 2, frontal, occipital uye ubatanidzwewo ethmoid pfupa. Hazvina aripo mune chako munzvimbo yepamusoro rushaya (chiutsi) uye ezasi. matsime ava wakaiswa mazino.

muzongoza

In dhipatimendi ichi kusiyanisa coccygeal (4-5 hrs.), Sacral (5), lumbar (5), chipfuva (12) uye mutsipa (7) zvikamu. Vertebral chinhu chakakombama zvinoumba musana mugero. Pachake ane ina danda vachikotama. Izvi zvinoita kuti Implementation pakati isina kunanga kushanda marangwanda chokuita bipedalism. Zvayaiva pakati vertebrae kwakavharwa nenyama ndiro. Ivo pave kuvandudza mukana wokushandiswa yacho nomuzongoza. VeMubatanidzwa pambiru Bends akaita kudiwa kuderedza zvakanga zvakohwewa panguva kufamba: kumhanya, achifamba, vachisvetuka. Kuburikidza iyi musana uye nhengo dzomukati havasi pachena kuti chipaparadzungu. Inside the musana mugero Zara. It runopoteredza musana.

thorax

It unotora munhu sternum, 12 wechipiri zvikamu musana uye rumbabvu 12 nomwe. The 10 wavo wokutanga chokuita kuti sternum shwashwa, ekupedzisira vaviri vasina majoini nayo. Nokuda nerumbabvu keji zvinobvira kuita rwokudzivirira kushanda marangwanda. Zvikurukuru, izvozvo zvinoita kuti kuchengeteka mumwoyo uye miviri bronchopulmonary uye chikamu zvomudumbu hurongwa. Zvinokonzera nerumbabvu mahwendefa chinjwa nekunyatsotsanangura pamwe vertebrae, nechemberi (kunze rezasi mbiri mbiri) chokuita kuti sternum kubudikidza tefa shwashwa. Nokuda kwaizvozvo, nyika thorax anogona taper kana vawedzere panguva afemeruke.

okumusoro nemakumbo

Muchikamu ichi chipo humeri, yokumusoro ruoko (ulnar uye TOUR okunze), chiningoningo, metacarpal zvikamu uye shanu munwe phalanges. Kazhinji, kuti marangwanda maoko zvitatu dhipatimendi. Izvi zvinosanganisira ruoko, honokono uye nepfudzi. Yokupedzisira achiumbwa mapfupa refu. The mumakwenzi zvakabatana kuti honokono uye chiningoningo chinosanganisira zviduku zvinhu metacarpus achiumba pomuchindwe uye kutamira pamusoro kusanduka minwe. Vakaiisa okumusoro mapazi kune muviri akatakurirwa clavicle uye Vanes. Vanoumba bandauko nebhanhire.

dzikisa migumo

Muchikamu ichi marangwanda with 2 mapfupa pelvic. Mumwe nomumwe wavo kunosanganisira fused nemumwe sciatic, pubic uye iliac zvinhu. Uyewo, bhanhire rezasi wamativi zvinosanganisira hudyu. Zvinonzi kuumbwa zvakafanana (zvakafanana zita) mafupa. chaikosha iri kuonekwa remasangano ose marangwanda. Uyewo, mujinga secrete Shin. The nemamiriro dhipatimendi chinosanganisira mbiri mupambare mapfupa - zvikuru nezviduku. Akarembedza repasi kumugumo rutsoka. Inoitwa mapfupa anoverengeka, remasangano uko seva chitsitsinho. The mhesano nomuviri kutakurwa pelvic okunze. Muvanhu, mafupa awa kwakanyanya uye kupfuura mhuka. Sezvo coupling zvinhu protrude richiripo majoini.

Mhando mapfundo

Kune zvitatu chete. Mapfupa zvinogona zvakabatana Mobile, Semi-mhanya kana mira. Nekunyatsotsanangura yokupedzisira mhando ndizvo kuti cranial okunze (kunze ari mandible). Semi-zvinofamba micheto chokuita kuti sternum uye vertebrae. Sezvo nekunyatsotsanangura zvinhu kumira nemarunda uye shwashwa. The chinjwa kubatana mapfundo noruzhinji. Mumwe nomumwe wavo ane pose, nemvura chipo iri mhango, uye hombodo. Kazhinji, zvipfundo vanova nemarunda kusimba. Nokuda kwavo zvishoma-siyana inofamba. Articular mvura pfupa zvinoderedza kukweshera zvinhu panguva kufamba.

Ko munhu marangwanda?

Muchikamu ichi muviri matambudziko maviri: chaivo uye nomuviri. Chokuita mhinduro okupedzisira dambudziko ndedzinotevera mashandiro kwevanhu marangwanda:

1. Motor. Basa iri raiitwa isina, sezvo skeletal zvinhu vanoshumira kuti kuda kuti tsandanyama fibers.
2. Rutsigiro kushanda marangwanda. Bone vadyi okunze anoumba marangwanda. To vanonzi vakakoshesa nhengo uye nyoro tishu.
3. Spring. Nemhaka pamwe shwashwa uye vanoverengeka STRUCTURAL zvinhu (makakombama ari nomuzongoza, rutsoka Arch) rinoitwa amortization. Somugumisiro, kunze chakamira pakunodengenyeka zvine uye jolts vari chakanyevenuka.
4. Unodzivirira. The marangwanda rine Pfupa inotungamirwa, nokuda iyo vaipa yakachengeteka zvinokosha nhengo. Kunyanya, dehenya inodzivirira uropi, sternum - moyo, mapapu uye dzimwe nhengo, kuti musana - the musana marongerwo.

The chaivo basa womunhu marangwanda:

1. Hematopoietic. mumwongo iri mapfupa. It anoita seinokonzera masero eropa.
2. Stock kumusoro. Bone zvinhu kushanda chitoro kwenguva yakawanda pamusoro inorganic zvinhu. Izvi zvinosanganisira, kunyanya zvinosanganisira simbi, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus. Panyaya iyi, pfupa munyaya kuramba kutsiga chicherwa murwiyo mukati mumuviri.

gumo

Kana isiri nzvimbo muviri kwenguva (somuenzaniso, achiwedzerwa akagara akakotamisa musoro patafura, zvakaipa mamiriro nezvimwewo), uyewo pamusoro pakanyorwa dzinoverengeka nhaka zvinhu (kunyanya akabatana zvikanganiso zviri zvokudya, kushaya kwomuviri) kutyora zvingaitika ukaramba kushanda marangwanda. Mukutanga zvokukura Fani iyi inogona kubviswa nokukurumidza. Kunyange zvakadaro, zviri nani kuti kudzivirira. Kuti izvi zvidaro, nyanzvi dzinokurudzira kuti usarudze hwomutambarakede mamiriro kubasa, kushandisa nguva dzose, jimunasitikisi, kushambira uye zvimwe zvakawanda.

Chimwe kurapwa chirwere zvakajairika runoonekwa kuti rutsoka wakarebesa. Tikafunga Fani iyi kutyora injini kushanda marangwanda. Foot wakarebesa anogona kuitika pasi pokudzora zvirwere, kukuvara kana kuva mhedzisiro munhu kwenguva refu zadzisa kwamira mu nedanho ikure muviri. pfupa kutsemuka anogona kuitika pasi pokudzora simba chaiko nesimba. Kukuvara kwakadai anogona kuvharwa kana rakazaruka (ronda). About 3/4 pakati mitswe zvose inowira maoko nemakumbo. The chikuru chiratidzo kukuvara riri kurwadziwa. The yokuchinja kungamutsawo unozotevera deformation mapfupa, kutyorwa dhipatimendi mashandiro umo riri. Kana uchifungidzira munhu pakakuvara akuvara pakuraramisa amburenzi uye kuchipatara. Usati kutora chero chinhu, murwere rwunotumirwa X-ray kudzidza. Panguva chirwere akapakura localization pakati pakakuvara nzvimbo, uye kuvapo zvaizopedza mapfupa zvimedu.