Mamiriro eHadfield steel: kuumbwa, kushanda

Imhizha yezvemitallurgic ndeimwe yezvinhu zvinokosha zvikuru zveGDP ye nyika imwe neimwe, uye inogadzirawo zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana uye zvinobatsira. Pasina kupa vanhu michina, vanhu vaisagona kuita kunze. Sirasi ndomumwe wavo. Kune marudzi akasiyana ezvinyorwa izvi zvinoshandiswa mumawanda emabhizimisi. Sirasi, iyo ine plastiki yakakwirira uye yezinga rekupfeka, iyo inonzi Hadfield's iron, iyo inenge yakasanganiswa. Zvido zvayo zvinotungamirirwa neGOST 977-88 uye mimwe mimwe mamiriro ekunze (USA, England, Germany, China, Japan, Finland, Spain, korea).

Nhoroondo yeHadfield's Steel

Kubva pane zita, rinogona kukakavhirwa kuti ndiRobert Hadfield uyo akagamuchira gorosi iyi. Ndiani uyu nyanzvi? Robert Gadfield ndiMetallurgist weChirungu uyo akagamuchira girosi rakawedzera simba muna 1882. Nenguva isipi iyi siri yakava yakawanda uye yakashandurwa kuva chinhu chakasiyana zvikuru.

Mushure mokunge Hadfield yakagadzira imwe nhumbi yakasimbiswa, mauto akazofarira kukura kwayo. Izvi hazvishamisi, sezvo gorosi yakadaro inobatanidzwa mukusika kwezvidziviriro zvemauto.

Infantry helmets yesimba rinowedzera - chigamba chekudzivirirwa, icho chinobva paHadfield's steel. Hemheteti dzakadaro dzakashandiswa nemauto eBritish, ipapo uto reUnited States raifarira mukukura uye rakatanga kushandiswa kwavo. Kusvikira makore makumi masere nemasere ekugadzirwa kwesimbi yaHadfield haina kuchinja. Asi sezvo makore makumi mapfumbamwe nemasere anogadzirwa, akanga asingasviki mukusimba kwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa neBritish metallurgist, asi zvaive nyore nyore.

Zvitoro zvevashambadziri handizvo chete kushandiswa kwesimbi yaHadfield. Bhizimisi reBrithani Vickers ndiro raakatanga kushandisa iyi yepamusoro yesimbi kune zvimwe zvinangwa. Iyo mambukira tangi tende yakatanga kubva kuHadfield alloy muma1920s. Sirasi yakawedzera huwandu hwemotokari ematangi kubva 500 kusvika 4 800 makilomita. Munguva Yekutanga Hondo Yenyika, kuwedzera uku mumakiromita kwakanga kwava chishamiso. Sirasi Hadfield yakava chinhu chinokosha pakuvaka tangi. Nenguva isipi iyi shanduro yakashandiswa kwete chete mukutakura tangi, asiwo mune dzimwe makhizha. MuUnited States, shata ye Hadfield yakatanga kunyauka muna 1936.

Hadfield steel: kuumbwa

Kuongorora maikemikisi, kunyanya chikamu chekhabhoni uye manganese, unogona kuona kuti ichi chinhu chakasimbiswa. Ichi chivako chinowedzera kupfeka kusagadzika uye kusimbisa shanduro. Nokudaro, simbi inopikisana nechinangwa chekuchinja, ine chiyero chepamusoro pepurasitiki uye nehutano. Metallurgist inotaura kuti gorosi iyi ndiyo yekutanga yimbi yesimbi, iyo yakatanga kuva yakawanda yakagadzirwa.

Properties yeHadfield Steel

Pamusana pemiganhu yayo, simbi inoshandiswa haigoni kurapwa nezvishandiso zvekucheka, sezvo ine yakanyanyisa. Nokuda kwekugadzirwa kwemiti yakabva kune ino, kugadzirirwa chete kunogona kuuya.

Iyo Hadfield yekoto ine simba rakakura rokushanda zvakaoma, iro rakanyanya kukunda kupfuura iro rakafanana nemashizha esimbi. Austenitic steel ine utera hwakaderera, asiwo hupamhi hwekupfeka kusagadzikana pamigumisiro, kukwirira kwepamusoro uye pakushambidzika kwemaonero. Kubva pazviitiko izvi, tinogona kutaura kuti simbi yeBritish metallurgist yakakodzera kushanda munzvimbo dzakashata.

Zvigadzirwa zvekambani yekugadzira yaHadfield yesimbi

Iyo inotungisa conductivity yeaustenite yakanyanya kuderera kupfuura yevamwe mabairo, 4-6 dzimwe nguva. Ikoji yekubisa kwemafuro yakawanda kakawanda kupfuura iyo yepasi-carbon steels - 1.9 times. Izvi ndizvo zvakakosha zvakasiyana-siyana zvesimbi, sezvo inobata kukanganisa kwekukanda kunotonhora mukati mekushisa.

Pane chiitiko chakakosha uye kupisa kunopisa, iyo inokonzerwa nesherry shrinkage yealloy, iyo inenge 1.6 nguva yakareba kupfuura yakadzika carbon-metal. Ikupisa kwakanyanya kunoshandura chimiro chekuchengetedza mukati mekugadzira martensitic, iyo inowedzera dambudziko rekuputika munharaunda yekutaridzirwa kumatambo makuru.

Nzira dzekushandiswa kwesimbi yaHadfield

Pamusana pemakemikari ayo, maitiro uye maitiro, austenite inoshandiswa mumabhizimisi akawanda. Uchishandisa michina yesimbi, unogona kuva nechokwadi chekuvimbika kwavo uye simba rakakwirira.

Siri-resistant steel inonyanya kufarirwa mashoko. Nhamba huru yemabhizimisi emabhizimisi anogadzira zvigadzirwa zvakasimba-shandisa Hadid yesimbi. Zvimwe zvinotevera zvinogadzirwa kubva kune iri alloy:

• Kugadzira mashizha.
• Nzira dzematangi matangi.
• Matrekta.
• Motokari inopinda.
• Vashanduki, vanogona kushanda mumatambudziko akaoma uye matambudziko.
• Misoro yejeri pamahwindo.
• Zvinokonzerwa nemagetsi.

Zvinonakidza kubudisa jeri majeri kubva kune austenite. Vakawanda vanotenda kuti iyi ndiyo nzira yekusekwa nevasungwa vari kuedza kutiza. Maererano nevechikamu chechimiro, hama dzakawanda dzinotakura hucksaws yevasungwa avo, mune tariro yekusununguka, vanotanga kutema mawindo.

Panyaya yekushandisa simbi yakawanda, kune mukana wokutiza. Asi saradha yaHadfield isimbi isina kupfeka, iyo isingagoni kusungirwa nehacksaw yakawanda. Kana tikatanga kuona magara kubva kuHadfield alloy, zvino basa rakaoma rinotanga, izvo zvinosanganisira kuoma kweeustenite. Hacksaw inowedzera urombo hwebhati kuoma kwehacksaw uye yakakwirira. Nokudaro, tinogona kutaura pamusoro pekusava kwekutiza.

Sirasi 110G13L

Isimbi yegorosi 110G13L inoshandiswa, iyo inoshandiswa pakutsvaga uye ine zvinhu zvakasiyana. Iyi simbi ine yepamusoro kupfeka kusagadzikana kwezvinokanganisa kana madonho okudzvinyirira.

Kushandiswa kwebhidhiyo yesimbi 1101139

Ichi chiedza chakashandiswa pakugadzira zvinhu zvinotevera:

• Zvikamu zvakakura zvakatakurwa, izvo zvinofanira kunge zviri kubvisa-kusagadzikana.
• Cone crusher.
• Maziso, masvingo evafaki.
• Mutumbi webhora, zvigadzirwa zvevortex.

Sirasi yegorosi yakafanana

Simbi yakadaro inobudiswa nenyika dzakawanda.

Zvigadzirwa zvebhuku resimbi 1101139

Inyanzvi nemagetsi yemashoko aya anopiwa mumatafura.

Mechanical properties paT = 20 о С yebhandi resimbi 1101139

Kuchenesa kupisa

Iko kushandiswa kwechipisa chesimbi yaHadfield zvakananga zvichienderana nehuwandu hwekhabhoni muzamu. Iyo yakakwirira yepamusoro yekhabhoni, iyo yakakwirira yechando. Semuenzaniso, kana iri muroyi iri pamwero we1%, saka kutonhora kunofanira kunge kunenge ma digrii 900. Kana kabhoni iri 1.5%, zvino kushandiswa kunogona kuitika pa1000 degrees. Kana iyo alloy iri pamwero we6,6% mualloy, ipapo kutonhora kunofanira kuva pamusoro pe1050 degrees. Zvadaro, kunotonhora nemvura kunotevera.

Icho kutonhora kwakakosha kunofanirwa kwekuparara kwakakwana kwe carbides, iyo inokanganisa hutano hwekukanda, uye nokuda kwekukura kwezvirimwa zveasitenite. Upenyu hwekukanda hunoenderana nehupamhi hwayo. Saka, hupamhi hwemamilimita makumi matatu hunoda kuonekwa kwemaawa mana, uye 125 mamita-maawa makumi maviri nemaviri.

Iyo kupfeka kusagadzikana kweHadfield steel muhurumende yakaumbwa kwakafanana nekunze kwekudzima. Iyo yakagadziriswa yakasungirirwa nekate ye carbide uye inoita pasi pekushanda mamiriro nenzira imwecheteyo seyunifomu yakaoma shanduro. Ndicho chikonzero ichi chinogona kukwikwidzana kuti kukanda austenite mune dzimwe micvolumes ine vhudziro imwechete uye kusagadzikana kushandiswa sekuoma kwesimbi. Kuwedzera kwaro kunotsanangurwa kunotsanangurwa nehuwandu hwekateti ye carbide, iyo inokonzera kusimba kwakasimba kwepfungwa dzomukati.

Shanga raHadfield rakagadzirwa makumi emakore akapfuura. Nhasi, steel alloy inokosha chikamu chekugadzirwa kwemiti yakawanda mumakambani akasiyana-siyana. Pasina iyo, makambani akadaro ekugadzira mishonga, mafuta uye gesi, makemikari, zvokudya, magetsi emagetsi hazvigoni kuita zvakanaka. Usakanganwa nezvekuvakwa, kuvaka tangi uye nekuvandudzwa kwezvombo zvitsva zvinoshandisa zvitsva zvitsva zvemasallurgical industry. Kunyange zvakadaro, injini uye metallurgist hadzinganzwisisi zvizere zvinhu zvose, maitiro uye maitiro emagetsi emagetsi.