"Admiral Ushakov" (cruiser): nhoroondo uye maitiro

Imwe-yechitanhatu yenyika yakanga inotungamirirwa neSoviet Union. Chimwe chikamu pamusana penzvimbo, nzvimbo imwechete kune mikana yekugadzirwa kwekombiki, kusimuka kwezvikepe zveNavy munyika yacho zvakapiwa nguva yakawanda. Zvisinei, izvi zvichiri kubatanidzwa mune chero nyika huru.

Ngarava uye vafambisi vezvikepe, submarines uye vanotakura ndege, chiedza uye chikuru-mazita ezvigadzirwa zvemichina zvinogona kupfuurirwa kwenguva refu. Mumwe wakadaro aiva Orlan, kana Project 1144. Irokisi rinokonzerwa nenyunyuta rinokonzerwa nemhepo yenyukirezi Admiral Ushakov ndiyo inoshambadzirwa yeprojekti, iyo isina mifananidzi mune zvikepe zvose zvenyika. Izvo pamusoro pake, simba rake, maitiro, mauto ehondo uye teknolojia, tichataura pamusoro penyaya yacho.

Kuchinja kwezita racho

Inofanira kuonekwa kuti zita rokuti "Admiral Ushakov" cruiser harina kugamuchirwa pakarepo. "Mhirizhonga yeAdmiral" yakabuda mushure mekudonha kweUnited - muna 1992. Ipapo iye nevamwe 3 "Orlan" vane mazita matsva. Zvisinei, chete chete - yechina-inoshandisa zita rokuti "Peter Mukuru". Vokutanga vatatu vakava "vadiwa". Ava ndivo Ushakov, Lazarev naNakhimov. Pakuburuka kubva mumatanda, midziyo yacho yakanzi "Kirov", "Frunze", "Kalinin", pamwe chete. Ichina cruiser yakatumidzwa zita rokuti "Kuibyshev", saka, musati rapera kuvaka, akagamuchira zita idzva - "Yuri Andropov".

Kusvika iye zvino, chete "Peter Mukuru" ari mubasa. "Nakhimov" iri pamusoro pemazuva ano. Iviri yekutanga, zvichida, ichagadziriswa zvakare, asi ye "Nakhimov".

The Orlan Project

Pfungwa yekusika ngarava, sezvo nyukiliya cruiser Admiral Ushakov yakazova, haina kuuya pakarepo. Mapurogiramu epakutanga anodzokera kumashure makumi mashanu emakore ekupedzisira. Zvadaro zvakagadziriswa kugadzira mhando mbiri dzezvikepe - imwe yaifanira kuva cruiser (purogiramu 63), yechipiri - ngarava yemhepo yekudzivirirwa (gwaro 81). Pamhando mbiri idzi, yakarongwa kushandisa atomuic reactor sechimwe simba.

Zvadaro chirongwa 81 chakanga chakavharwa, uye kushanda pamhando mbiri idzi kwakaderedzwa mune imwe nzira. Iyo midziyo yakanga isingave yakakura zvikuru, asi kuva nekodzero dzekudzivirirwa kwemhepo uye yekutengesa cruiser. Zvinosuruvarisa, basa re 63 harina kupedza nguva refu, uye rakabva ravharwa.

Kudzokera ku "atomic" purojekiti inouya kungopera makore makumi matanhatu, apo Leningrad Central Design Bureau inopihwa nekusikwa kwe "nhepfenyuro" nuclear nuclear watchdog. Ngarava inofanirwa kuve nekufamba-shanduka kwemasita anenge 8 000 (kuenzanisa, kubatana kwechirongwa ichi - Admiral Ushakov missile cruiser - yakagamuchirwa 24,000), kuti isakwanisa kupedzisa dzimwe ngarava, zvichivapa nekutsigira moto, asiwo kutarisa pasi uye, kana zvichifanira, Muvengi. Chimwe che "chips" chikuru chaive chaive chikwata chisingagumi chokufamba. Basa iri rekutanga rakarongedza kuvaka kweyo midziyo inenge makumi mana, asi sezvazvakazoitika, iyo mabhizimisi yakanga isati yakagadzirira kubudisa mudziyo wekuenda kwakadaro, kwete kureva mutengo wayo unogona.

"Fugas" + "Orlan"

Pasinei nokusawirirana, chirongwa ichi 1144 chinogamuchira mumugwagwa. Nyukireya, zvombo zvekugadzira, torpedo tubes uye kunyange helicopter isina kunyorwa zvirikudziridzwa. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kufambiswa kwezvikwata izvi muUnited States kwakatanga kwenguva refu pfungwa iyi isati yasvika kune veAmerica. Zvisinei, chikepe chacho hachina kuona helicopter. Asi pane imwe, nguva isiri iyo inokosha yeiye "Kirov" (gare gare "Admiral Ushakov"). Iyo cruiser inopfuura kubva muchikwata che "chikepe chekutsvaga" kune chikamu che "chikepe chinonzi antisubmarine".

Chinhu ichocho chakafanana ne "Egondo" chaiva kukurudzirwa kwemugodhi wakanyanyisa, iyo purogiramu yaive yakanyorwa zita rokuti "Fugas" (kana kuti "chibereko 1165"). Uye munaMay 1971, apo kusimbiswa kwezvombo kwaive kutotanga kune zvikepe zvose, mapurogiramu akanga achibatanidzwa. Ngarava yeramangwana inowana zvakanakisisa zvombo zvingasarudzwa, zvisati zvasimbiswa kune rumwe rudzi.

Kuburukira kumvura

Gore mushure mekubatanidzwa kwemapurogiramu, mauto anoita sokuti ndiyo yekupedzisira. Zvadaro muna March 1973 paBaltiyskiy Plant, Ordzhonikidze akaisa musoro cruiser. Mune shanduro yekupedzisira yeprojekti, zvikepe zvishanu zvakarongwa, zvina zvadzo dzakavakwa. Asi zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti ngarava yechina - "Peter Mukuru" - akabva atora kusiyana kwakasiyana kubva kuhama dzake. Kunyanya, ane hukuru hwakakura hwokufamba, akavandudza anti-submarine ne-hydro-acoustic zvombo, mamwe magetsi anhasi.

Makore mana gare gare, musi weChitsva Idzva, muna 1977, cruiser yakasimudza nyanzvi yeAmerica Admiral Ushakov yakatangwa uye yakanyorerwa muSoviet Navy. Gore rino rakanyorerwa purojekiti "Orlan" nemumwe chiitiko. Ndiyo apo Navy inotanga chikwata chitsva, uye "Kirov" kubva muchikwata chengarava inorwisa anti-submarine inova nzara huru yenyukireya cruisi.

Tsanangudzo uye kuvaka

Panguva yekugadzira, uye zvino kuvaka chikepe, zvikamu zvakashandiswa zvakanyanya munyika. Nokudaro, nzvimbo dzakagadziridzwa dzehutambo hwakadzika dzinowanzoitwa nealuminium-magnesium alloys. Zvizhinji zvezvombo zvinosungirwa kumashure uye kupfugama. Zvimwe zvivako zvehondo zvakapfigira nzvimbo yejini, zvombo zvevhara, uye zvese zvikamu zvinokosha zvechikepe "Admiral Ushakov".

Iyo motokari inenge yakazara nehafu-tangi uye pasi pasi kaviri kwehurefu hwose hwechikepe. Icho chikamu chepamusoro chinoumbwa nemahombe mashanu (uyewo ose mumuviri). Mumushure - chigarire pasi pee hangar, yakagadzirirwa kugara zvachose mahelicopter matatu. Munzvimbo imwe chete, kusimudzira kushandiswa kwakagadzirirwa uye makamuri anopiwa kuitira kuchengetedza zvinhu zvose zvinodiwa kuti zviende. Mune rimwe kamuri rakasiyana pane kusimudza nekudzikisa nzira ye antenna yePolynom complex.

Kuvakwa kwechikepe ichocho kwakaisa mberi zvakanyanya zvikuru zvinoda kuti zvive zvigadzirwa zvinogadzirwa. Chokutanga, pakugadzirisa kwekupedzisira, mudziyo wakagamuchira kushandiswa kwematani anopfuura 24 000. Chechipiri, urefu hwehwanda hwaive hwekuve hunopfuura mamita 250. Pakanga paine hutambo hwakawanda hwezvinhu zvaidiwa chete nemiti imwe muSoviet Union inogutsa - Leningradsky.

Hondo

Asati ataura pamusoro pezvombo, zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti nyukliya-yakashandiswa missile cruiser Admiral Ushakov aifanira kurova pamapurisa ezvikepe zvevatakuri vezvikepe, kutarisa pasi uye kuparadza zvombo zvemanheru, uye, zvechokwadi, inopa mudziviriri uye (munguva yemberi) kudzivirirwa kwemhepo kwenharaunda dzayo. Kufambisa kubva pamabasa ose ari pamusoro apa, ngarava yakagamuchira mhando yose yemhando dzose dzezvombo. Sezvo zvinyorwa zvinopfuura imwechete zvichange zvichitarisirwa kuti iwane tsanangudzo yakajeka yemhando imwe neimwe, tichafanirwa kuzvichengeta pachedu zvishoma.

Mauto makuru ekurovedza anosimirirwa neGranit system, an anti-ship missile system iri muhuta. Inosanganisira 20 zvombo, huwandu hwakakura hwekufamba ndege 550 km, chikamu chehondo chiri nyukiliya. 500 kg yemusoro wehondo.

Anti-ndege zvombo ndiro Fort missile system. Iyo cruiser ine 12 drum inosara ne 8 ma rocket imwe neimwe. Mukuwedzera kune chinangwa chemhepo, zvinokwanisika kurwisa zvikepe zvevavengi mukirasi vasati vaparadza. Kutanga kweenjini dze rocket kunoitika mushure mokunge isunungurwa kubva pakuiswa, izvo zvinopa kuputika uye kuchengetedza moto kwechikepe. Rwendo rwomugwenga rwuri 70 km (ruregerero kuronga maitiro ari muchikepe).

Izvo zvinoshandiswa ne-submarine zvinosanganisira "Metel" missile yakaoma - 10 rocket-torpedoes. Rwendo rwokuputika rwuri kusvika pamakiromita makumi mashanu, kudzika kwekurwisa kunosvika mamiriyoni 500. Mukuwedzera kune ino, mairi mashanu-tube torpedo tubes anoshandiswa.

Uyewo pamatokari nhamba huru yepfuti shomanana , pfuti uye zviduku zvitanhatu zvigadziriswa.

Ini ndinoshumira nyika yekumusha

Pakati pezviito zvakawanda uye kurwisana kwemashoko ayo "eagles" akabuda, zvakakodzera kutaura chimwe chinhu, umo "Admiral Ushakov" akabatanidzwa. Mufambisi wacho waiva mumvura yedu apo, muna December 1983, zvikepe zveNATO, parutivi rwevaIsraeri, zvakatanga mauto ehondo neSiria neRebhanoni, vashandi veU.SR. Ngarava yakarayirwa kuenda kuMediterranean. Apa inotanga chido. Apo yakapinda mumvura iyo, uye yaingova shoma shoma kupfuura zuva risati rasvika, zvikepe zveNATO zvakabva zvarega moto ndokutizira kunzvimbo yechitsuwa. Kuswedera pedyo nemakiromita 500 kusvika ku "Ushakov" veAmerica havana kutya.

Kuteerera hakugone kuregererwa

Mutsara kubva munhau yekare, inotaurwa pamusoro apa, inonyatsorondedzera mamiriro acho nechombo pakutanga kwezana remakore idzva. Muna 1989, apo cruiser yakanga iri pabasa, guru redu rakaputsika. Zvadaro zvinetso zvine simba guru rinotanga, uye muna 1991 mutungamiri anogamuchira murairo: chirongwa chokugadzirisa chinofanira kuitwa. Ngarava iri kuenda kunzvimbo yekupaka, asi mumakore anotevera chiitiko chimwe chete chinokosha chinoitika - kuchinja kwechikepe chinotenderera kuenda kuRussian Navy uye kuchinjwa kwechiremera chinokonzerwa nuclear nuclear missile cruiser Admiral Ushakov. Kugadzirisa uye kugadzirisa midzi kunotanga chete mugore ra2000.

Izvo zvinotevera zvichaenderana zvachose nenyaya yekare - yose inofanirwa pane kuti comma inomirirei. Kwemakore makumi maviri (kubva panguva yekuisa kune imwe nzvimbo yekupaka), izvi zvakachinja maitiro acho kakawanda. Izvozvo zvemazuva ano, zvino zvakare zvakare, zvakare shanduko itsva uye kunyange kudzokera kuNavy, asi haisi yekupedzisira. Chii chichaitika shure, uye kana "Admiral" ichizoonekwa mugungwa, ichigere kuzivikanwa.

Mhedziso

Imwe yezvikepe zvishomanana muRussia Navy, motokari Admiral Ushakov ane musimba wezvigadziri anobva mune zvombo zvenyukireya. Kunyange nanhasi hapana chikepe mumakwikwi enyika, kufanana nemoto kuUshakov. Kuburikidza kwemahofisi ekupedzisira munguva dzakawanda kwakashandura kuchinja kwemauto mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, uye zvingava zvakasuruvara kana mudziyo wekirasi uyu wakangobvumirwa kuti upfudze.