Kuzviuraya Katerina isimba here? Zvinokonzera kuzviuraya Katerina ("Mheni")

Kwenguva yokutanga kutamba "Mheni" yakagadzirwa muSt. Petersburg, muAlexandrinsky Theatre, musi waDecember 2, 1859. Akabva atanga kubudirira zvikuru, akataura pamusoro uye akakavadzana. Vakakakavadzana zvikuru pamusoro pekududzirwa kwekuguma uye unhu hwemunhu mukuru, Katerina Kabanova, uyewo pfungwa huru yemutambo, iyo yakatsanangura "hero" yekare yenguva. "Kuzviuraya kwaCatherine simba kana kuti kushaya simba?" - iri mubvunzo mukuru, iyo vatsoropodzi vakawanda vakaedza kupa mhinduro yavo. Pakati pavo, N.A. Dobrolyubov.

Maonero e NA. Dobrolyubova

Nikolai Alexandrovich akazvipira chikamu ichi munyaya yake "A ray of light muumambo huri," yakanyorwa muna 1860. Muchikamu chacho, muongorori we "Contemporary" anopa tsanangudzo yakajeka yemutambo kubva pakuona kwe "kutsoropodza kwechokwadi," kubva pakuronga-democracy. Iyi yaiva nyaya yechipiri yeDobrolyubov pamusoro pe "Mheni." Wekutanga, "The Dark Kingdom", yakanyorwa gore rakapfuura, muna 1859.

Musoro mukuru weizvi uye mamwe akawanda ezvinyorwa zvakatsaurirwa mubasa iri ndehutano hwemunhu mukuru. Zvakaitika kuna Katerina Kabanova zvinoita kuti tifunge zvakanyanya, uye munyaya ino ndinoda kuongorora zvakadzama maitiro emunhu mukuru uye zvikonzero zvekusagadzikana kwake. Nikolai Alexandrovich akashandisa mifananidzo ye "dark kingdom" uye "ray of light," iyo yakazowanzotaurwa pamusoro pekuongorora basa iri. Kumubvunzo: "Kita kuzviuraya ndiko simba here? - Anopindura kuti chiito ichi chinopupurira ushingi hwemufambi mukuru uyo anopikisa zvakaipa zve "umambo hwemafu".

Opinion D.I. Pisarev

Zvisinei, havasi vatsoropodzi vose vakabvumirana nechinangwa cheDobrolyubov chekuona, kazhinji kacho kwaiva nechisimba pakati pavo. Somuenzaniso, D.I. Pisarev munyaya yake "The Motives of Russian Drama", yakanyorwa muna 1864, yakabvumirana nemafungiro aNikoi Aleksandrovich kuti Katerina ndiye mutsva wenhau heroine, iyo nguva yakauya kwatiri. Mune maonero aDmitri Ivanovich, unhu hwakadaro ndiEvgeny Bazarov, demosikiti kubva kuTurgenev "Baba navanakomana".

Maonero aAA. Grigoriev

Chiratidzo chinonakidza cheumwe muongorori, Grigoriev. Mwedzi mishomanana kusati kwabudiswa nyaya inoti "Ray reChiedza Mundima Yenyika," akamutuka nokuda kwekutsanangura nzira imwe chete yekuziva kwaOstrovsky kunzwisisa kwehupenyu hwake. Mukufunga kwomutsoropodzi uyu, munyaya yekutanga yaNikola Aleksandrovich, "The Dark Kingdom," Ostrovsky inoratidzika semunhu anoranga uye anoratidza kudzvinyirira.

Zvisinei, pakuongorora munhu mukuru, pfungwa dzevanyori vaviri idzi dzinopindirana. Vose vari kutaura pamusoro pokuti Katerina ndiye munhu ane hutachiona uyo akabuda kubva munzvimbo dzevanhu, nekupemberera nhetembo yemweya wake uye nhamo yekusangana. Ngatiedze pamwe chete kuti tipindure mubvunzo uyu: "Kuzviuraya kwaCatherine isimba here kana kuti kushaya simba?", Kurondedzera rutivi rwokunze nechomukati rwehutano hwemunhu mukuru.

Vatengesi vevaPatriarcha mufananidzo waOstrovsky

Inofanira kunzi kuti muOstrovsky iyi yakanga isisiri basa rokutanga rinoratidza boka revatengesi vechikoro. Upenyu hwake hwakarondedzerwa mune dzimwe mitambo nemunyori wekupedzisira kwema 1840 - kutanga kwema1850, somuenzaniso, mumutambo "Vanhu vake - tichaverenga!". Zvisinei, mumatambo ekutanga aAlexander Nikolayevich pakanga pasina chimiro chakajeka zvakadaro, chakafanana naKaterina. Chimiro che heroine, chakatanga kubva munzvimbo yevatengesi, ndiyo inyanzvi yekuwana zvakawanikwa, yakagadzirwa naAlexander Ostrovsky ("The Storm").

Pakutanga kuona, kubuda kwe heroine, iyo ine maonero akadaro paupenyu, saka uncharacteristic yemamiriro emhuri yemhuri muguta reKalinova, inoita sechinhu chisingaiti. Zvisinei, izvi zvakanga zvisina kudaro. Chigumo chake, chido chake chekufara pamwoyo wake, uye kwete maererano ne "mutemo", ndicho chikonzero chekuita kwakadzika kuitika panguva iyoyo mumasangano, zvishoma nezvishoma kuparadza hurumende yehurumende yevatengesi vekirasi. Mutambo "Kutinhira" kwakazadzwa nehurukuro pamusoro pe "kuguma kwenyika", "nguva dzekupedzisira", pamusoro pekuti vechidiki vakamira kuremekedza tsika netsika; Uye zvinopesana nemamiriro ezvinhu aya zvinoratidza chimiro chebasa racho.

Symbolism "Mheni"

"Kutinhira" ndeyekufananidzira, chiratidzo chacho chinopindirana nemitambo, uye izvi zvakasiyana neOstrovsky's early plays. Mune basa rakafanana nenyika yenyika, kunyange mufananidzo weguta raKalinov unobatanidza ushamwari nenyika yenhau. Magamba anoita seanogara muzvokwadi yavo yakavharidzirwa, yakaganhurwa nemiganhu yenyika yeCalinin yakareba.

Muzvokwadi, iyo yakasikwa naOstrovsky Alexander Nikolayevich ("Dutu"), hapana vakomana vanoita zvishoma zvishoma kupfuura izvi. Kunyange Katerina, achiedza kurarama hupenyu hwakasiyana, ane pfungwa isina kunyatsojeka yehupi humwe hupenyu huri hwakafanana. Anongoziva chete kuti huripo huripo hunosemesa. Mudiwa Katerina, muzukuru weWoris Boris, wakafanana nemusingazivi wakauya kuguta iri rakarara kubva kune imwe nyika umo maiva nehupenyu hwakasiyana. Zvisinei, iyewo anotendeuka kuva nenyaya ye "humwe umambo" hweKalinov, uye haambofanane nemufananidzo weIvan Tsarevich, uyo anoponesa waanoda.

Katerina akaita se "kunaka kwekurara". Asi "kumuka" kwacho kwakanga kusiri kufara. Kurota kwakanaka kwaKaterina Kabanova - hupenyu muimba yevabereki vane rudo - hwakanga hwavhiringidzika nekuroora munhu asingadiwi. Tikhon isisina pfungwa, mune zvose zvinopa amai vake, vari mumutambo wacho anodzvinyirira kwechokwadi.

Kurwisana kwekunze

Chii chakaita kuti pave nokuguma kunotyisa? Kuzviuraya Katerina isimba here? Hakuchina chikonzero chaicho munharaunda. Nyika yose yeKalinin ine mhosva. Iyo heroine chaiyo yakanga yakarohwa nenzira yehupenyu, yakaumbwa sokunge iri pasi pesimba rezvakaipa, izvo zvinoita kuti guta rose rive pasi pavo. Vagari veKalinov havagoni kuvadzivisa. Zvakanakisisa, vanongonzwira tsitsi naKaterina mukunyarara kana kumupa mazano ekunyengedza Kabanikh uye kuronga musangano pamwe naye. Zvisinei, chero chinangwa cheKalinoviti chinopesana nemurangariro mumweya wake, sezvo zvose zvinoreva kusavhiringidza nemitemo yeguta, pamwe nechinzvimbo chayo semudzimai weshambadzi.

Kalinovtsy aigara achida kuteerera, uye Katerina anomutambudza, uye guta rinomuramba. Iyo huru heroine inoshusha kurota pamusoro pekuchinja. Vanomukwezva, kunyanya, kusiyana, somuenzaniso, kubva kuKabanikhi, kune "nguva yekupedzisira" uye "kuguma kwenyika" iri kurota. Katerina anoziva kuti achaparadzwa mukutsvaga kwake kwechitsva, uye ave nechokwadi chokuti nyika ino yakavharwa haikwanisi kuchinja uye kutsigira kubva kune ani zvake, heroine inosarudza kufa. Zvisinei, paanenge achiedza kupindura mubvunzo uyu: "Kuzviuraya kwaCatherine ndiko kukunda kana kukundwa?" Zvakakoshawo kufunga nezvekurwa kwemukati kwe heroine.

Mumapikisano emukati

Njodzi "Kudengenyeka Kwemvura" Katerina kuzviuraya hakugoni kungoita kukanganisa kwake kunze kwe "umambo huri", asiwo sekunetsana kwemukati we heroine. Mune mweya wake, pane hondo pakati pekare neyo itsva. Mhedziso yekuputsa mutemo unobata Catherine: anotenda kuti akatadza kuti haazombogashiri kukanganwirwa. Ichi chizivo chechitendero chechivi chinonyanya kuoma uye chinorwadza kumunhu mukuru. Iye anongodaro ane dambudziko rake pachake uye ane heroic tariro. Chiito chimwe nechimwe che heroine chikuru chinoona sechitsika kuenda kugomba risina chigadziko, tichifunga kuti hakuna kudzoka shure. Iye haaoni chero tariro yeruponeso, haambofi akafunga nezvekukanganwirwa kwezvivi uye ruponeso rwemweya.

Social, philosophical and psychological aspects of the tragedy

Nokudaro, pakunzwisisa nguva yakaipisisa ye protagonist, zvinhu zvakawanda zvinogona kusiyaniswa.

Chinhu chokutanga ndechekusangana, nokuti kuitira kuti tifare, Katerina anofanira kubva paKalinov, kana kuparadza hupenyu hwose hwehupenyu hwezuva nezuva hweguta rino. Hapana kana chimwe mumamiriro ezvinhu aya hazvibviri, heroine musungwa wenyika ino yakabatwa.

Zvikonzero zvekuzviuraya kwaKaterina zvinosanganisira mafirosofi sekusada kuteerera, kushorwa nemagumo evanhu. Pano heroine zvakare haigoni kukunda. Ane zvisarudzo zviviri: kana kuti azviyananisire nechinangwa, nebasa rake seanoshungurudzwa ne "umambo hwemazuva", kana kufa. Muchitamba (Ostrovsky "Mheni") Kuzviuraya kwaKaterina kunoratidzika semagumo echisikigo.

Icho chikonzero chepfungwa chedambudziko ndechekupesana kwepakati pekuzadzika kwechivi chikuru chechivi uye rusununguko rwokusununguka runoita heroine kuti irege kuderedza tsika dzomukati dzisina kunaka. Izvo zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti fomu iyo Katerina inobvuma kurambidzwa uku, kwechitendero, haina basa guru. Mushure mezvose, kuzviuraya kwakatooma kudarika ufeve, chivi.

Zvose izvi zvitatu zvakabatana, uye zvose zvinokosha kuti uwane kunzwisisa zvikonzero zvinokonzera kufa kweheroine uye mhinduro kumubvunzo: "Katerina azviuraya here kukundwa kana kukundwa?". Saka, hupombwe hwakazara hwakashandurwa kuva "Groza" mumatambudziko makuru ehupenyu, uye pachezvacho kunyengedza uku hakusi mhaka, asi kungokonzerwa nekupikisana nenyika yeKalinin.

Katerina's Love for Boris

Rudo kubva kuna Katerina harusi iro rinonyanya kukosha kwemweya, semu heroine we "Dowry" Larisa Ogudalova. Iyi inongova chimiro chekupikisana nehupenyu hwemamiriro ekutengeserana, chiratidzo chekusununguka. Kuna Boris Katerina haatauri seanoda, asi sechimiro chekurota kwake kwekusununguka.

Aya mavara uye haawani mutauro wakafanana: munhu mukuru unogona kukwira pamusoro pehupenyu hwevanhu veKalinin, uye Boris akanga asingakwanisi kudaro. Saka nei Katerina akasarudza kuzviuraya?

Iyo heroine yakasarudza kusazadza kubva "rudo rusina mufaro" uye kwete kubva kune vatadzi, "zvisingaiti" - akamanikidzwa mune nzira iyi yeKalinin yehupenyu, nokuti chido chakadaro chakanga chisingaitike mukati megadziriro yakamanikana yeguta rino. Nokudaro, kuna Ostrovsky kwekutanga kokutanga hupenyu hunova hupenyu hwehupenyu, kuratidzwa kwezvinangwa zvevanhu, pane izvo zvinonzi "uzivi hwehupenyu."

Philosophy yehupenyu

Mune basa iri iye anopiwa basa rinokosha: kuratidzika kwevanhu vakaderera, zvinhu muupenyu hwevanhu, pasi pavanodzika pasi rose nekunamata. Kuparadzwa kwehupenyu hwezuva nezuva hunofananidzira kuparara nekukurumidzira kwehukama hwemagariro evanhu.

Kunyange iyo yakagadzirisa zvirongwa zvekuti "Mheni" inofanira kutarisirwa nayo. Basa racho rinoratidzira chimiro chechigadziro, chirevo chekunyanya kunakidza, pamwe chete nemifananidzo yakawanda isingabatanidzi nekusimudzirwa kwenzvimbo, asi inofanirwa kutsanangura nzvimbo yezuva nezuva yeguta racho. Kufambira mberi kwekukurumidza kwezviitiko kunofanana nekukwirira kwehupenyu hwevaKalinovians, kuyerwa uye kusununguka. Nzvimbo yakadzika yemunhu mukuru, pamwe chete nemashure emakumbo echipiri, inoita manzwiro ekuti zviitiko zvinotanga nguva refu kusati kwatanga nhoroondo. Chiitiko chekupedzisira hachisi kunyatsopedza zvarinoreva, kufungidzira pane iyi mukana wekudzokorora zviitiko zvinotsanangurwa muupenyu hwehupenyu.