Didactics pakudzidzisa - chii ichi?

Didactics (kubva muchiGiriki "didaktikos." - "kudzidzisa") riri davi pedagogical ruzivo kuti vanodzidza matambudziko nokudzidziswa uye dzidzo (dzinokosha didactics muchikwata) mu pedagogy. Didactics, pedagogy, zvepfungwa zvinofambidzana anoranga, kukwereta nemumwe Conceptual midziyo, tsvakurudzo nzira, chinokosha, etc. Anewo pachake chaizvo ayo didactics nheyo dzidzo chaiyo, zvainanga nedanho kurovedza uye dzidzo vana zvokukura abnormalities.

Kusiyanisa kuti pfungwa

Mumwe kiyi iri didactics ndiyo pfungwa nokudzidziswa uye yenhengo dzayo - dzidziso uye kudzidzisa, uyewo pfungwa dzidzo. Mukuru yokuona nayo Kusiyanisa (sezvazvakanyorwa rinotsanangura didactics mukudzidzisa) ndiyo nhamba zvinangwa uye nzira. Saka, paumbwe ari kubaya mirayiridzo uyewo nzira yekuwana ichi.

Uyewo, nokudzidziswa zvinosanganisira hurongwa hwakadai kudzidzisa uye kudzidzisa. Kudzidzisa ndicho hurongwa inotungamirira mudzidzisi kudzidzisa mabasa vadzidzi - tsanangudzo kukura uye zviri basa. Kudzidzisa kwacho ndiko kugaya kwevadzidzi kugutsikana edzidzo. Inosanganisira mudzidzisi mabasa (coaching, cherechedzo) uye basa vadzidzi pachavo. In ichi hwekudzidza anogona kutora nzvimbo zvose muchimiro kudzora kuburikidza mudzidzisi (mukirasi), uye muchimiro anozvipira dzidzo.

chikuru mabasa

In didactics ano vakasarudza govera zvinotevera mabasa:

• humanization kudzidza kwacho,
• Kusiyanisa uye individualization kudzidza kwacho,
• vanoumba intersubject richibatanidza vadzidza nyaya,
• inotungamirwa zvishande basa vadzidzi
• kukura ungwaru,
• paumbwe tsika uye nesarudzo unhu unhu.

Saka, dambudziko didactics mukudzidzisa inogona rakakamurwa mapoka makuru maviri. Kudivi rimwe, iri basa vaifarira tsananguro uye tsanangudzo kurovedza uye zvinhu zvayo Implementation kwacho; panorumwe - kutanga Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri sangano acho, kurovedza itsva hurongwa uye michina.

Nezvinodzidziswa didactics

Mukudzidzisa, kudzidzisa misimboti ndanzwawo kuziva zvirimo, sangano siyana uye nzira yokudzidza maererano zvinangwa uye mifananidzo dzidzo uye kurovedza kwacho.

Nemhaka yenheyo izvi vakashandisa pfungwa K. D. Ushinskogo, Ya. A. Komenskogo nevamwe. In iyi tiri kutaura bedzi pamusoro pfungwa sayenzi anotsanangura dzinotsigirwa didactics mudzidziso. Somuenzaniso, Ya. A. Komenskim akanga akagadzira pedyo dzinonzi yendarama utongi didactics, maererano iyo nzira yekudzidza inofanira inosanganisira nhengo dzose mudzidzi manzwiro. Naizvozvo, pfungwa iyi yava imwe kiyi, pamusoro iyo didactics mukudzidzisa. Basic misimboti:

• nezvesayenzi,
• simba
• Accessibility (affordability)
• kuziva uye basa,
• ukama pakati dzidziso uye tsika,
• enderana uye kutevedzana
• kutsanangurika.

nesayenzi musimboti

Ine chinangwa dzichiri vadzidzi 'ruzivo esayenzi zvakaoma. Zvingakubatsira iri rakatangwa muna kuongorora zvinhu dzidzo, pfungwa dzayo zvinokosha, izvo allocates didactics. Mukudzidzisa, ndiko kudzidzisa zvinhu rinonangana vezvesayenzi nzira, - the kuvimba akasimbisa chokwadi, kuvapo nekongiri mienzaniso uye yakajeka Conceptual midziyo (mazwi yesayenzi).

simba nheyo

Pfungwa iyi inorondedzera didactics pakudzidzisa. Chii? Kudivi rimwe, nheyo simba nokuda zvebasa tsika, pane dzimwe - mitemo muitiro kudzidza pachayo. Rutsigiro pamusoro nezivo, unyanzvi uye mano (Zun) mu Zvakazoitwa mumatanho zvose okudzidziswa, uyewo avo anobatsira kushanda kunodiwa kuchenesa uptake dzavo uye kwenguva refu chengetedzo achiyeukwa.

Nheyo Accessibility (affordability)

Nyaya iri chaiyo yaibvira vadzidzi kuti vadzivise kwomuviri nepfungwa zadzisa. Kutadza kutevedza pfungwa iyi nedanho kudzidza, sezvo ushe, zvinoderedza nechido mudzidzi. Kutamburawo waivako, iyo inosvitsa kuneta. Ukuwo - kunyanya anoitwa ari kudzidzwa zvinhu, riri haakonzeri pakudzidza kunobudirira. Ayo chikamu, didactics sezvo bazi pedagogy rinorondedzera musimboti Kuwanikwa sezvo nzira kubva nyore kusvika zvakaoma, kubva aizivikanwa asingazivikanwi, kubva zvikurukuru mukuru, etc.

madzidzisiro, maererano dzekare pfungwa L. S. Vygotskogo, anofanira kukurukura nzvimbo "proximal kukura", kukudziridza simba nemano mwana. Nemamwe mashoko, dzidzo anofanira kutungamirira kukura mwana. Uyezve, pfungwa iyi inogona kuva pachake peculiarities ayo dzimwe mharidzo pedagogical. Somuenzaniso, mune dzimwe hurongwa zvinganaka kudzidza kutanga zvinhu haisi pedyo, uye pamwe huru, kwete munhu okunze, uye avo zvivako, etc.

kuziva basa musimboti

Nezvinodzidziswa didactics mukudzidzisa kunangidzirwa kwete chete zvakananga pamusoro muitiro kudzidza pacharo, asiwo paumbwe yakakodzera mudzidzi maitiro. Saka, nheyo kuziva basa kunosanganisira chinangwa vanoshingaira manzwisisire kubudikidza vadzidzi mananara vakadzidza, uyewo kunzwisisa kwavo, rokusika marara uye kushanda. Zviri achinyanya nezvebasa iri muitiro anozvipira ruzivo kuwanikwa pane wavo wenguva okuchengetera. Kushandisa nheyo iyi kudzidza vari zvikuru nzira dzakasiyana-siyana kuti masero ari zvishande basa vadzidzi. Didactics, pedagogy, zvepfungwa anofanira zvakafanana omerera pachavo pfuma nyaya dzokudzidza, kusanganisira ayo okusika uye heuristic nezvaanogona.

Maererano pfungwa L. N. Zankova, kusarudza ari kudzidza ndiko, kune rumwe rutivi, kududzirwa vadzidzi ruzivo pamusoro Conceptual sandara, uye pamusoro mumwe - kunzwisisa kukosha Zvakarurama ruzivo Database. Zvakakodzera mukudzidzire imwe nzira yokudzidza kuti, zviitike yakakwirira azvipire kuziva basa yevadzidzi.

Pfungwa kukurukura pfungwa uye tsika

uzivi siyana tsika kare waitsigira chokuratidza chokwadi zivo uye panobva zvishande basa yacho. On musimboti ichi anozorora uye didactics. Mukudzidzisa, icho chiyero kubudirira nezivo nevadzidzi. The zvakawanda ruzivo urwu kunoratidzwa muna tsika, zvikuru kuzviita akaratidza kuziva vadzidzi vari yekudzidza, chikuru dzavo kufarira kwacho.

Nheyo enderana uye kusachinja-chinja

Didactics mukudzidzisa - zvinonyanya nezvezvandaifanira imwe nguva dzose zivo zvitange. Under dzinokosha dzesayenzi zvokudya, nyaya anogona kunzi muridzi kwekuva inoshanda, ruzivo chairwo chete kana aripo mupfungwa Kunyatsoona kupoteredza kwokunze nyika muchimiro kwegadziriro interconnected pfungwa.

Paumbwe ezvinhu ruzivo yesayenzi vanofanira kutora nzvimbo imwe urongwa, akapa pfungwa zvinhu edzidzo, uyewo mano zvishande vadzidzi. Kasira hwekudzidza iri seiyi dzinokwanisa Kutadza kutevera nheyo iyi.

Nheyo zvijeke

Ya. A. Komensky akanyora kuti kudzidza kwacho kunofanira inobva zvaakazvionera oga vadzidzi vavo nyama zvakajeka. Panguva iyoyo sezvo didactic pedagogy chikamu rinozivisa wandei Visualization mabasa zvinosiyana zvichienderana chaizvo imwe pavaipfuura kudzidza: mufananidzo anogona kushanda chinhu kudzidza, mutsigiri chinangwa kubatana pakati wacho chinhu ehupfumi (Madhayagiramu, vanodhirowa), etc.

Saka, maererano pachiyero pfungwa vadzidzi zvinotevera mhando Visualization (kupatsanura T. I. Ilinoy):

• rwokuzvarwa kutsanangurika (nezvezvandaifanira vanotongwa chinangwa chaicho);
• Experimental maonero (akaziva ari kuedza uye kuedza);
• Vhoriyamu Visualization (kushandiswa yokutevedzera, Layouts, zvakasiyana zvitarisiko, etc.);
• hwezvaizoitika kutsanangurika (kunze achishandisa mifananidzo, mifananidzo nemifananidzo);
• kuridza-hwezvaizoitika yakajeka (kuburikidza firimu uye TV nenhindi);
• yokufananidzira uye graphical Visualization (kushandisa Masvomhu, mepu, machati uye calculators);
• womukati maonero (kusika matauriro).

Basic didactic Pfungwa

Kunzwisisa hunhu zvatinokanganisa ndiyo inokosha, iro rinotungamirirwa didactic. Mukudzidzisa kunzwisisa iyi kunoonekwa achinyanya nemaonero chikuru zvinangwa zvekudzidza. Kune akawanda zvikuru yokungotaura Dzidziso pakudzidza:

• Didactic Encyclopedic (Ya. A. Komensky, J. Milton, IV Basedov.) Sezvo chikuru chinangwa chokudzidza kuchinjirwa vachida kufadza tichitarisa chiitiko mudzidzi wacho ruzivo. Zvakakodzera, kune rumwe rutivi, nzira yedzidzo nyanyisa inopiwa mudzidzisi, nezuva rimwe - kuvapo chinoshingaira yakazvimirira basa vadzidzi pachavo.
• Didactic zvetsika (I. Pestalozzi, A. Disterverg, Nemeyer A., Schmidt, A. B. Dobrovolsky): kusimbisa kubva kwazvo nezivo iri zvaitambidzwa kukura unyanzvi uye zvinofarirwa nevadzidzi. The chikuru chinyorwa inova akwegura shoko Heraclitus: "Mnogoznanie pfungwa haridzidzisi." Saka, zvakakodzera kutanga kuumba mudzidzi unyanzvi kufunga nomazvo.
• Didactic pragmatism kana utilitarianism (J. Dewey, G. Georg Kerschensteiner.) - nokurovedzwa vavakezve nevadzidzi 'ruzivo. Maererano nzira iyi, ugone mumagariro ruzivo vanofanira nzvimbo kuburikidza kukura ose kutandadzana. Kudzidza mumwe nyaya kuchatsiviwa dzinoshanda muviri zvainanga familiarizing mudzidzi kuti zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana. Saka vadzidzi vane rusununguko zvakakwana pakusarudza zvidzidzo. The chikuru drawback nzira iyi - kutyora yokukakavadzniswa ukama dzinoshanda zvishande basa.
• Functional pfuma (B. mahwindo): vaiona chinhu chinokosha chine chokuita zivo. Nyaya anofanira kukurukura pfungwa pfungwa youzivi kukosha (class kuparapatika munhoroondo shanduka mune zvipenyu, chadzo kutsamira pane masvomhu, etc.). The chikuru ainge mafungiro: apo vakaomerwa zvinhu edzidzo chete pamusoro nyika vaitungamirira pfungwa muitiro yokuwana zivo chinozadzwa shoma hunhu.
• Paradigmatic kusvika (G. Sheyerl): kurambwa dzakaitika uye watodaro ari hwekudzidza. Material akakumbira kupa Focus, i.e. dzifunge zvimwe zvakafanana chokwadi. Saizvozvowo, pane kutyora nheyo hurongwa.
• Cybernetic kusvika (EI Mashbits, S. I. Arhangelsky) anoshumira chokurovedza kwacho ruzivo kubudiswa uye yedzimudzangara, izvo anosarudza kuti specificity didactic. Izvi zvinobvumira kuti mushandise pakudzidzisa Pfungwa mashoko enyika.
• The associative kusvika (J. Locke.): The nheyo kudzidza anonzi perceptual ruzivo. A yoga basa nokuda Mifananidzo, zvikaita kuti vakadaro mupfungwa mashandiro anoita vadzidzi, somunhu zvavo. Zviitwa anoshandiswa sezvo nzira chikuru kudzidziswa. Hazvina kufungawo basa okugadzira zvinhu uye yokuzviongorora basa pakuunganidza ruzivo nevadzidzi.
• Pfungwa zvishoma nezvishoma inotungamirwa chepfungwa mabasa (P. Ya. Galperin, NF Talyzina). Dzidzo unofanira kuenda kuburikidza vamwe, interconnected matanho: aireva kuti chiito rikurumidze uye zvinhu zvayo kuurayiwa, paumbwe rwevanodzvinyirira nekutumirwa kwemauto matanho ayo tsamba akavhiyiwa; muitiro nokuumba nhanho mukutaura yomukati, basa iri mubishi tishandurwe yakanyikwa mupfungwa kushandiswa. dzidziso Izvi abudirire kana kudzidziswa rinotanga chinangwa maonero (semuenzaniso, vatambi, vatyairi, musicians). Mune zvimwe zviitiko, dzidziso pachikuva inotungamirwa chepfungwa zviito anogona zvakawanda.
• Management kusvika (V. Yakunin): zvatinokanganisa ichaongororwa kudzora nezvenzvimbo uye zvinokosha utariri matanho. Ndicho chinangwa, mashoko nehwaro kudzidza, kufungidzira, chisarudzo chakadaro, kuurayiwa chisarudzo ichi, kukurukurirana danho, vachiongorora uye kuongorora, kururamisa.

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, didactics - chikamu pedagogy, matambudziko kudzidza kudzidza. Uyewo pfungwa pakudzidzisa anoonekwa hwekudzidza tichitarisa zvinangwa nesimba dzidzo, uyewo maererano imwe nyika ukama pakati vadzidzisi uye vadzidzi.