Kuzma Minin: Biography, munhau, nevarwi. Kuzma Minin uye Prince Dmitry Pozharsky

Pakati peguta, musi mukuru mativi enyika, pave aizivikanwa vakakomba shongwe, akasikwa 1818 ne muvezi I. P. Martosom. Rabva pairi vanakomana vakakodzera Russia - Kuzma Minin uye Prince Dmitry Pozharsky ari rinorema awa yokuti nyika vakakwanisa kuronga uye kutungamirira pakurwisana zvisingaiti zviuru zvizhinji zvevanhu nevarwi. Zvakaitika makore iwayo refu akava mumwe mapeji nhoroondo yedu chinobwinya.

Young uye enterprising Nizhegorodets

iri kana akaberekerwa Kuzma Minin, usingazivi. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvakaitika izvi kumativi 1570 muna Volga muguta Balakhna. Kuti tichengetedze nhoroondo uye mazita vabereki vake - Michael uye Domniki. Tinozivawo kuti vaiva vanhu vakapfuma, uye kana mwanakomana wake waiva nemakore gumi nerimwe okuberekwa, vakatamira Nizhny Novgorod - rimwe remasangano maguta Volga. Mumazuva iwayo, kwakasarudzwa kuti vana kubvira vachiri vaduku zvikuru sezvo kubatsira madzibaba avo vanodya chingwa. Kuzma uye tsika basa awana achiri muduku.

Kana akura, ipapo akazarura basa rake. Pedyo Kremlin mokupera vaiva ne Minin ubaye uye chitoro nyama zvigadzirwa. Zvinhu vakaenda zvakakwana, izvo akabvumira kuvaka imba yake iri weChicago kugarwa of Annunciation, apo vagara panguva vanhu vane mari. Uye nokukurumidza Ndakawana mwenga akanaka - Tatiana Semenovna, uyo akava mukadzi wake, akamuberekera vanakomana vaviri - Nefedov uye Leontius.

Kudanidzira Zemsky mukuru

Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, Posadskogo Lyuda Kuzma akamira ungwaru, simba, uye makings ane mutungamiriri yakajeka. Nokuda uhwu kuvagari kugarwa, uyo aifarira mukurumbira mukuru, avo kusarudzwa mukuru Kuzma. Asi zvirokwazvo kuri mairi kukwanisa kuvhura muna 1611, apo Nizhny Novgorod ndokubatwa dhipuroma Patriarch naHerimogene, akadana makirasi vose vanhu Russian kuti kusimuka vaPolish nechisimba.

Kuti uwane tsamba iyi musi iwoyo akanga kuenda muguta remakurukota, iine vamiririri dzomumaguta repamusoro uye nevafundisi. Ndakapinda iye uye Kuzma Minin. Pakarepo shure bumbiro raiverengerwa vagari Nizhny Novgorod, akataura kwavari kutaura romoto achirangarira kumira kutenda uye Yababa uye nekuda chikonzero ichi matsvene mukasaregerera kana upenyu kana pfuma.

Strict zvinodiwa hondo

Vagari veguta nyore vakabvuma kudanwa yake, asi nokuda yakakura kudaro-pamwero mabasa zvinokosha uye ave farira handyman mubhizimisi, iyo mauto vaizova nemari mauto yakachengeteka uye ane ruzivo kurwisa wavarwi, vaigona kutora murayiro. Vaiva Kuzma Minin uye Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, uyo anoramba kuva gavhuna yakanaka. Zvino, pazvinhu zvose zvine chokuita nevanhu zviwanikwa uye mari inodiwa kuenda zvakananga Minin.

Kushandisa mashoko kubva simba rake uye achitsigirwa mauto Pozharsky, izvozvo akafunga kuti ose mugari weguta vanosungirwa kupa mukuru mari mari zvakaenzana chetatu yose pfuma yake. Pane dzimwe nguva, mari iyi wakaderedzwa kusvika cheshanu kunyatsoongorora zvose raaiva mugari. Vasingadi kuti posited mugove, vachinyimwa kodzero dzavo dzose, uye wakapfuurira muchikwata varanda, uye nenhumbi dzavo dzose zvizere pasi yakatorwa muchifarira varwi. Ndivo mitemo hondo nehasha, uye Kuzma Minin haana kodzero kuratidza kusasimba.

Paumbwe anopamba uye kutanga ruvengo

Kuverenga uye kunyora, dzakadai uya apinda Nizhny Novgorod, wakatumwa muna mamwe maguta Russia akawanda. Nokukurumidza muna Nizhny Novgorod vakabatana mapoka akawanda kubva dzimwe nzvimbo, apo vagari pasina zvishoma vakabvuma nechido yokudanwa Patriarch. Somugumisiro kuguma March 1612 gore racho Volga vakaungana zviuru zvakawanda nevarwi vehurumende, rinotungamirirwa nomudzimu Kuzma Minin uye Dmitry Pozharsky.

Hwaro hwokurevererwa kwokupedzisira paumbwe vanhu vakava vazhinji vezvokutengeserana guta Yaroslavl. Nokudaro, muna July 1612 varwi, mune mari vanhu vanopfuura zviuru makumi matatu vakaitwa kunomisa masimba hetman Yana Hodkevicha, vanomhanyira kununura akarwiswa muMoscow, hondo wePolish. Hondo inokosha kwaiteverwa August 24 pasi masvingo guru. Kusanganiswa ukuru raiva kurutivi nechisimba, asi morale pamusoro varwi kunyimwa kwavari zvakanakira. Prince Pozharsky uye Kuzma Minin akatungamirira nzira kurwa uye muenzaniso wake pachake wokushinga akaisa nemasoja.

Kremlin Kutyisidzirwa

The vakunda zvakakwana. Vavengi vakatiza, vachisiya mumaoko anopamba vapfumi mikombe: matende, mireza, ngoma uye mana mapepa chikafu. Zvakanzi zvekare akabatwa vasungwa vakawanda. Getman akakandwa kubva Moscow, asi panguva Kremlin rusvingo dzakabatana dzaiva Polish colonels ndege uye wake, akanga achiri kuti gurunurai. Uyezve, mumwe simba nevatsigiri vavo vakanga - boyars, peremetnuvshiesya vanopinda nechisimba. Mumwe nomumwe wavo aiva nezvombo zvavo, izvo aifanirawo kurwisa.

In vakakombwa Poles muna Kremlin kwenguva refu pamusoro zvokudya, uye vakatambura kwazvo nzara. Achiziva ichi, Kuzma Minin uye Pozharsky, kuti ichengetedzwe vanotambura, akavapa kuzvipira, kuvimbisa upenyu, asi vakanga akaramba. October 22 (November 1) nevarwi yaaigara uye akatora China Town, asi rakakombwa nemishonga mberi. Kubva nzara mumapoka avo vakatanga kudya vanhu.

The capitulation wePolish varwi uye mukova kuna Kremlin

Prince Pozharsky kwakadzora zvinodiwa uye akapa zvisingaiti kusiya Kremlin nezvombo uye mireza, vachisiya zvinokosha chete chakabiwa, asi pamusoro Poles haana kubvumirana nazvo. Akauya vatengesi chete - Navakuru nemhuri dzavo, izvo Kuzma Minin, vakamira Stone Bridge pagedhi, raifanira kudzivirirwa kubva Cossacks, chido chakasimba pakarepo kugadzirisa zvemari vatengesi.

Achiziva Dzoro yavo, Gumiguru 26 (Nov. 5) rakakombwa aisa akasiya Kremlin. zvimwe mugumo wavo akanga akasiyana. Lucky hondo, akarayira amuka: akanga ari nzvimbo Pozharsky varwi, uye akaramba shoko rake, kuti zvirarame nokutumira gare gare muna Nizhny Novgorod. Asi hondo jeti yakarova kumutungamiriri Trubetskoy uye yakaparadzwa zvachose nokuda Cossacks.

zuva guru munhoroondo Russia yakanga October 27 (November 6) muna 1612. Mushure basa, akaita Archimandrite Utatu-rwacho Segiyo Monastery Dhionisio, varwi Kuzmy Minina uye Pozharsky, kuti kurira pakati mabhero kwazvo akapinda Kremlin. Zvinosuruvarisa kuti zuva haana kurarama Patriarch naHerimogene, uyo akarera ake kufona Russian vanhu kundorwa nechisimba. Nokuti kuramba kuzviisa kwavo kuda Poles Zamora kuti rufu muimba yepasi iri Chudov wemamonk.

The chamber ngoni

In July 1613 pakava chiitiko chinokosha kuti pave nokutonga trohsotletnemu House Romanovs kune Russian chigaro akakwira yokutanga mumiririri wavo - mambo Mikhail Fedorovich. Izvi zvakaitika musi 12 July, uye zuva rakatevera muvambi monarchic hwedzinza - kutenda nyika mabasa ake - Kuzma Minin akapa chinzvimbo munhu aikudzwa pakati Duma. Zvakanga mubayiro wakafanira, nekuti pamazuva iwayo kwaiva rechitatu chinzvimbo "kukudzwa", wechipiri chete kune boyar uye okolnichy. Zvino musiki varwi vaiva nekodzero kuzogara ari Boyar Duma, rinotungamirirwa mirairo kana mubati.

Sezvo Minin akanakidzwa inopiwa chivimbo wamambo. Kana muna 1615 Mikhail Fedorovich uye yake yepedyo akaenda parwendo kunonamata Utatu-rwacho Segiyo Lavra, kudzivirirwa guru yaakaronzeswa, nokuti aiziva kuti vakwidziridzwe Moscow kubva vaimbova vavengi, munhu achakwanisa adzivirirwe ramangwana. Mune ramangwana, mambo kazhinji akavimba Minin anokonzera mabasa.

Rufu uye Chakavanzika chokuita dzasara gamba

Kuzma Mihaylovich Minin akafa musi May 21, 1616, uye akavigwa pachechi Pohvalinskoy chechi. Muna 1672, yokutanga Nizhny Novgorod Metropolitan Filaret akarayira kuti akatamisa madota vake chitarisiko Cathedral of Kremlin muna Nizhny Novgorod. Mune thirties zviri XIX remakore akatsvinda chakasakara pakazotanga Temberi yacho yakaparadzwa, uye muna 1838, kutsauka pairi akavaka itsva.

mugomba rake akavhunduka madota Minin uye machinda akawanda. Mumwe zana pemakore, kutsvaka mutemo ngwizhingwi kusatendera, ivo Bolsheviks vakanga rakaparadzwa pasi mutemberi uye zvisaririra zviri Nizhny Novgorod militiamen akasvika munharaunda Museum, uye ipapo zvaiendeswa Ngirozi Huru Michael Cathedral muna Nizhny Novgorod. Uye unogamuchirwa pamutemo aionekwa yemakuva Kuzma Minin.

Zvisinei, vanotsvakurudza vane iyi zvimwe kusava nechokwadi. Pane kufungidzira kuti Mikaeri Cathedral Ngirozi Huru akaramba nemadota zvakasiyana zvachose munhu, uye zvasara yakakurumbira gamba vachiri pasi panzvimbo apo rakaparadzwa temberi. Kune vari ikozvino kuvakwa pakuvaka Nizhny Novgorod Kutarisirwa uye City Council, saka kuti pikidura uye kuzosimbisa kana kuramba chaizvo pfungwa izvi hazvibviri.

Thanks zvizvarwa

Pakafa mwanakomana wake Minin aiva Nefedov, uyo akashanda se gweta muMoscow - aivawo nechinzvimbo muhurumende rimwe wamambo mirairo. Kuyeuka dhigirii ababa vake, Mikhail Fedorovich chaiyo dhipuroma atadze kodzero yake varidzi vari patrimonial mumusha Bogorodsk muna Nizhny Novgorod muruwa. Iye aivawo nyika uye Kremlin muna Nizhny Novgorod.

Kuzma Minin uye Dmitry Pozharsky akadzivirira Russia, uye vazukuru chaizvo muna 1818, makasimbiswa muMoscow, shongwe patriots avo vechokwadi nyika yavo. munyori wayo aiva muenzaniso muvezi I. P. Martos, uye akasikwa ari zvokuzvidira nevanhu. Pakutanga zvakanga akaronga kumisa shongwe mu Nizhny Novgorod - paucheche kuti vanhu varwi, asi gare gare takasarudza kutamira naye guru, sezvo Feat vanhu ava vari chadzo hakungogumiri guta rimwe chete.