Kufema miti kumbowanikwa masero zvomukati. In masero upi nhengo kufema kunoitika muna miti?

The kufema ezvinhu zvinobatanidzwa, iyo kupa okisijeni kumuviri. In miti, zviri akafanana kuti mhuka. Izvi kwazvinogumira wachi. Kufema miti kunoitika mumasero nhengo iri yose penyika mashizha, madzinde uye midzi. It dyidzana muviri masero ose. Kana kasvisto zviitike masero blockage, aibuda carbon dioxide inobvisa hunoguma. Panyaya iyi chirimwa afe.

nhoroondo mashoko

Chokwadi chokuti miti kubereka okisijeni panguva afemeruke, zvakanyorwa mumabasa nezvesayenzi, AL Lavoisier. Muna 1773-1783 iye aiitisa kuedza. Mugumisiro basa rake rakanga riri kuwanikwa kuti combustion uye afemeruke kupinza okisijeni yakawanda. Izvi anosunungura carbon dioxide inobvisa nokupisa.

Kwakavakirwa basa rake masayendisiti akawana kuti mweya unopfuta zvinovaka muviri ari vivo. Gare gare, basa iri mberi Ya Jan Ingenhousz. Rakaratidza kuti murima, uye chiedza chezuva wefodya nokuda carbon dioxide inobvisa uye yakachena shanduka. Izvi zvinoreva kuti zvinomera panguva afemeruke anogona kubata sezvo CO ₂ uye O _2, zvichienderana kana chiedza chiri muitiro kana kwete chinhanho.

Zvidzidzo Similar vakaperekedza Zvakanaka hf Sheynbayn uye AN Bach. Muna 1897, zvakaonekwa kuti dzidziso pamusoro chaivo oxidation. Mugore iroro mabasa akafanana vakapa K. Engler. Muna 1955, O. Hayaishi uye gs Mason vachishandisa kuedza kwakaratidza kuti okisijeni chinhu chinokosha pamusoro Organic yeimwe.

Specificity kufema mune miti

Mweya unonzi zvakasikwa kwacho. Zvinonzi vaiona chinokosha zvose zvipenyu. Zvinonzi kutendwa kuti mweya nezvinomera kunoitika muna masero zvomukati uye munyama, kuburikidza icho gasi Exchange kunoitika. hurongwa akadaro chokuita noupenyu uye mweya kugumiswa - pamwe nerufu zvose zvipenyu zvose.

Kuratidzwa upenyu zvakabatana chaizvo kuti simba zvekushandisa. Panguva iyo pane kukura, kubereka, kukura, sero nokupesana. Kutama uye takabatikana zvinovaka muviri, mvura, uye kwetunhu siyana kwendangariro. Respiratoria zvirimwa zvacho multi-weDanho hurongwa. Conjugate oxidative pezvakaitwa achinje makemikari anoumba Organic yeimwe.

cellular afemeruke

Kufema kwakadaro chinhu oxidizing chichingoitwa. It kwaisanganisirawo disintegration reokisijeni uye zvinokosha muviri. Release simba kunoitika uye inotungamirwa vanoshingaira metabolites. Masero inoshandiswa kuumba anodiwa dzinotsanagura upenyu. Panyaya iyi afemeruke mune miti kumbowanikwa masero zvomukati uye rinowanikwa nokushandisa yose mukana wokuti vanhu vanga:

C6H12O6 + 602> 6S02 + 6N20 + 2875 KJ / nhuta.

The zvichiguma simba asunungurwa haisi zvachose. Part simba aunganidza ari adenosine triphosphate. Pashure kwetunhu pamusoro Kamudzira vari aumba musiyano dzemagetsi mhosva. kutanga kwakadaro pashure musiyano pakati kuwanda rehydrogen ions izvo kuumbwa panguva kumativi maviri membrane. Afemeruke nokudya kunovaka muviri zvinomera kunoitika achishandisa hwepurotoni gradient. Ndiye mukuru simba zvinhu inodiwa matete pezvakaitwa kuitika muchitokisi. pezvakaitwa vakadaro akashandiswa kwetunhu kunopfuurira, kufamba mvura uye zvokudya. The kwemakemikari nemamiriro zvinogona musiyano pakati zvakatipoteredza uye cytoplasm. The simba aigona kuti haana -wedzera mu Purotoni gradient iri akaparadza sezvo chiedza.

CATALYTIC dzinotsanagura afemeruke

Oxidation of substrates zvinoitwa makemikari. Dzinonzi mapuroteni catalysts. Makemikari vane mamwe maitiro:

• yakakwirira kwazvo lability;
• rakawedzerwa;
• yakakwirira specificity nokuti substrates.

Afemeruke uye chirimwa kudya kunobva pakuti spatial wezwi izvo zvinosiyana vakadhakwa yomunyika uye zvimwewo zvinoitika. It kunoitika mutemo muviri. Vamwe Erekitironi pfungwa dzinoenderana nzira oxidation. Mhando oxidation siyana:

• hazviiti maerekitironi;
• accession okisijeni;
• kushaya hanya rehydrogen;
• pakuonekwa hydrated remubatanidzwa;
• kushaya protons maviri maerekitironi.

Oxidation mumiririri Rinobatanidzwa ne kudzorerwa acceptor. makemikari kwakadaro vanoonekwa kuti oxidoreductases. Saka pane disconnection pakati protons uye maerekitironi. Zvavo zvinotora acceptor. The enzayemu unoumba kutamira maitiro. pezvakaitwa kwakadaro zvinosanganisira Kurovedza uye anaerobic afemeruke.

kurovedza afemeruke

Kwakadaro kufema hurongwa rinoreva oxidative muitiro. Kana kufema chirimwa absorbs carbon dioxide, saka ichibudisa okisijeni. The substrate uchiora kune inorganic zvinhu simba. Huru substrates kuti chirimwa afemeruke vari makabhohaidhiretsi. Kuwedzera kwavari, ipere nerubatsiro mapurotini uye mafuta.

Kufema kwakadaro kunosanganisira matanho makuru maviri:

1. Okisijeni-isina muitiro. Pane kunoitika zvishoma nezvishoma kunonoka kuora pamusoro substrates, kusunungurwa rehydrogen maatomu uye Muitiro unobatanidza coenzymes.
2. Okisijeni rikurumidze. Pano pane haizopereri cleavage rehydrogen maatomu. Ivo vabve kufema substrate uye zvishoma nezvishoma oxidized. Zvinoguma kutapurirana maerekitironi kuti okisijeni.

anaerobic afemeruke

miriwo kwakadaro kufema kunoitika achishandisa tusingaoneki kurarama chirimwa masero. To oxidize zvinhu havashandisi samolecular okisijeni. Vanoda munyu nitric, carbonic uye sulfuric acid, iyo kana dzikwanise pezvakaitwa refu akapora akakura. The zvaida simba kunokwanisika kuburikidza cleavage kunzwisisa Organic mamorekuru vatowanda nyore. Kwokupedzisira Erekitironi acceptor vaiona carbonates, sulfates uye nitrates. Nitric munyu, sulfuric asidhi uye carbonic asidhi vari dzikwanise yokuderedza yeimwe.

The midzi

An chinokosha chirimwa nemidzi ari kufema. Nokuti rinoita kukura kasvisto vaida itsva mhepo anopinda mudzi hurongwa. afemeruke kwakadaro rinoitwa nomukombiyuta okisijeni iyo circulates huru pores.

Kana noncapillary porosity munguva refu mvura kana nekumwisa mwando muhari ivhu iri supersaturated nounyoro. Panguva iyi, mudzi gadziriro iri kushushikana asphyxia. Vamwe subspecies hwomuti anogona kufema kuburikidza okisijeni ichiputswa ari unyoro. Kana kuyerera iyi mvura inofanira rinoparadzirwa kana ruchiyerera. Kana kurega kunotanga kubva mwando nemidzi kasvisto havasi kuwana anodiwa okisijeni.

In musoro ezvinhu panguva chinofema chirimwa absorbs carbon dioxide. Asi mira muoti hachigoni kutungamirira zvizere gasi exchange. Growth DZEMUNHU DZINODZORA chaizvo. Pazvinhu senitrogen okisijeni pamwero ipfupi ne 21%. Kugumisa kushandiswa chicherwa pfuma ivhu. Chirimwa inobudisa mhepo kunobva tichiregeredza mashizha, chokumisa nemakwati hwomuti.

kufema Meaning

Kufema miti kunoitika mumasero uye nhengo chinhu chikuru metabolic kwacho. The simba kuti anosunungurwa kana kufema inopedzwa pamusoro kukura uye basa kasvisto.

chirimwa afemeruke achienzaniswa photosynthesis. The kwacho inoenda mumatanho akawanda. At zvenguva matanho vari inoumbwa Organic yeimwe. Ivo zvinoshandiswa metabolic siyana. Izvi zvinosanganisira pentoses uye Organic acids izvo yakaumbwa munguva kuora kufema. Naizvozvo, kufema anoonekwa kuva tsime metabolites.

kufema maitiro anoonekwa neShanduro simba nokutengesa NADPH uye ATP. kana kufema Plants kubereka oxygen. In iyi, vamiririri nemiti, mvura aumbwa. Kana kupera mvura mumuviri anodyara kudzivirira kubva pakuparadzwa.

Dzimwe nguva kufema simba inogona akapora sezvo kupisa. Panyaya iyi, kuti kufema kwacho uchawana zvisingakoshi zvekushandisa akaoma nyaya. Inosimudzira afemeruke rikurumidze mupudzi hauna nguva dzose, inobatsira.