Depreciation mari - zviri ... Ko iri depreciation mari?

Sezvo anozivikanwa vadzidzi vose enyika upfumi, mari iri chinhu, kunyange chaizvo chaizvo. Pfungwa iyi akauya aine mamwe tsanangudzo, kubva chinosetsa kusvika zvikuru yesayenzi, asi chaizvoizvo yavo chinoramba zvakafanana. Mari, sezvo Marx akariisa, - a risiti kodzero womumwe basa. Uye chero ivo yakagadzirwa kana kudhindwa, vanozivikanwa kwakadaro ruchavapo. Uye nguva dzose pachava vanhu vari zvakawanda kupfuura vamwe. Uye kurwisana simba riri zvakabatana chaizvo kuti kurwira mari. Vanhu rwauya ane noenderana chikwata kwavo nyore, pane imwe nguva apo kwakanga dzaishandiswa ukama. In wanhasi, munhu yakaoma oma dzakawanda zvemari uye zvikwereti ukama, munyika dzakasiyana pane depreciation mari. Fani iyi, zvichienderana muitiro, akadana zvakasiyana: mitengo, hyperinflation, default, kurega kunotanga uye kunyange kuparara upfumi zvakakwana. Ndezvipi zvigadziriswe pakati azvaiitwa?

kusakosha kwemari

The vanotenga Simba rose mari shoma nguva. Uye kunyange kuita ikozvino Jamaica nyika mari ino kunobva zvinoyangarara prices - chete anoita reshiyo ukoshi Banknotes siyana. Kana iwe unokoshesa sei, somuenzaniso, US Dollar varasikirwa kugona kwayo kubhadhara okupedzisira matatu kana mana emakore, zvinova pachena kuti tiri kutaura pamusoro koromoka ake. Ndiyo chete mufananidzo pamwe chete Franc Swiss kana Japanese Yen. The zvishoma nezvishoma depreciation mari inonzi mitengo, zvinopesana neizvi muitiro inonzi deflation, izvo nezvoupfumi tenda zvakare kunaka chaiyo. The mashandiro izvi mananara iri nyore. With kukura upfumi mari wechiGeorgian iri kukura, mutengo inopiwa nokuda kumusika wavo, kuwana mutengi. Zvose izvi injini kuti pakuzadzisa. Mitengo iri kuwanda 2-3% anonzi kuipa, uye kunyange chinodiwa.

hyperinflation

Chero bedzi munyika kuchengeterwa mari kunotsigirwa nendarama, kureva, munguva yacho Genoese uye Bretton Woods mari hurongwa, yemubatanidzwa, uye mari rates, uye mitengo akaramba nekaupenyu kugadzikana. Chokwadi, dambudziko uye kuora mwoyo, dzimwe nguva kurwadza kwazvo, asi dhora (uye kunyange muzana) akaramba ari mutengo, chete kuti zvakanga zvakaoma chaizvo. Asi munyika kuti vakafirwa reserves yavo nendarama (sezvo Somuenzaniso, pashure pokukundwa Germany muHondo Yenyika I), paiva nokukurumidza depreciation mari. Fani iyi inotaurwa mumazana uye kunyange zviuru muzana, uye uwandu ichangopfuura chezvinonhuwira zvakarurama, papera mwedzi, unogona kutenga remidzanga yefodya, uye kunyange bhokisi remachisa. Chimwe chinhu chakafanana chakaitika kurarama uye vaimbova vagari Soviet Union Zvaparara pakarepo. Yakadaro aval kuderedza mari inonzi hyperinflation. It kunokonzerwa nokuziva kwakakwana kana hombe-pamwero pokuwa mamiriro mari ichaita, akaratidza nenzira inondimukira yokudhindwa unsecured Bank manotsi uye bhangi manotsi pedyo Central Bank.

kutyora chibvumirano

Izvi izwi idzva panzeve dzedu vakauya bhaudhi kubva zvitema muna 1998. Hurumende yakazivisa kutadza kwayo kusangana chikwereti mitoro, zvose zvokunze nemauto, uye mukati munyika. nguva ino achiperekedzwa hyperinflation, asi kunze kuti vagari yaimbova Soviet Union ainzwa nevamwe "nemazango" pakati default. Pakarepo ndokudururira chitoro echiShinto, vanhu vaida kupedza mari dzavo nokukurumidza sezvinobvira, chero bedzi vachiri chinhu unogona kutenga. Akaparadzwa mabhizimisi akawanda, ane mabasa vakanga kana kusatonzwa chokuita rwezvemabhengi zvekutepfenyura. Akabhururuka kuti nzvimbo kukura mubereko prices pamusoro zvikwereti. Kuita chinhu kunze Resale, zvakava maturo, ipapo kurasikirwa, uye, pakupedzisira, hazvitomboiti. Default - ndiye depreciation mari, yakakonzerwa kurasikirwa chivimbo muna National mari iri mumba uye kumisika zvakazara. Chikonzero chiri yemanyorero hurongwa kukanganisa iri kurapa mari munyika. Nemamwe mashoko, default kunoitika apo hurumende anopedza mari kupfuura zvinogona kutsigira yenyika upfumi. The depreciation mari Russia, uye ipapo mune dzimwe dzaimbova dzeSoviet aiva zvimwe zvikonzero chokuita waifarirwa kunonoka (pakati anowanika kuwana muitiro) upfumi yaparadzwa imwe nyika huru. "Classic" default kwakaitika Mexico (1994), Argentina (2001) uye Uruguay (2003).

Mitengo uye kuderedza

Kukura mudzimba mitengo munyika underdeveloped uye va neudhadha kugadzirwa kwakabatana zvakananga pokuwa National mari. Kana chikamu ari kuparadzwa nenhumbi ane mukuru imupota kugutsikana, iva nechokwadi pane depreciation mari. Izvi imhaka yokuti zvokuvakisa rinoitwa munyika dzose zvinodiwa kuti nyika mari, zvikurukuru nokuti US madhora, uye nekuda iyo akaderedza National mari Gengi. Munyika dziri zvishoma novimba zvokunze zvokushandisa, akacherechedza mitengo chete dzimwe zvinoriumba zvinoshandiswa kuwanda kupinza zvinhu uye chikamu wechipfuwo, umo kugadzirwa dzakakwirira kwevari kuderedza.

Positive chokuita mitengo ...

Mitengo iri kunyange wandei saizi ane pamusoro zvoupfumi pezvakaitwa vari kunoparadza kupodzwa mugumisiro kwete chete, asi dzimwe nguva. The nokukurumidza kuwedzera mitengo anokurudzira yokuisira mari haina kuchengetwa "pasi metiresi" kwava kuderera reserves vomurova navo wokufambisa, kukurumidzisa Rwako zvemari. Sezvo musika anoenda dzaishandisa uyo depreciation mari - zviri nezvakwakaipira chinhu nokuda yakaderera kunyatsoshanda remapazi dzavo. Achisiya chete akasimba zvikuru Zvinokosha zvakaisvonaka uye nemishonga. Mitengo chinoita utsanana basa, kusunungura National upfumi kubva zvisingakoshi kutsigisa igwa ari muchimiro simba mabhizimisi uye zvemari masangano, asingakwanisi chigone makwikwi.

... uye default

Zvingaita sokuti gangaidzo yokuti kunyange pokuwa zvachose National mari hurongwa kunobatsira, asi zviine musoro.

Chokutanga, depreciation bepa mari hazvirevi kuti mutengo kurasikirwa kwake zvimwe zvinhu. Makambani vaigona kuramba kugadzirwa zvinogona mune ezvinhu chakakomba nehana, vave vanovengwa pfungwa makambani vavatorwa mudzimba.

Chechipiri, hurumende yakazivisa insolvency kwayo panguva vasunungurwa kunetsa chikwereti uye anogona pfungwa pamusoro vaizotibata kupfuura sectors hwenyika. Default - guru mukana kutanga "jira jena." Panguva iyoyowo Lenders havasi kufarira kusauka rufu, nekusiyana, avanotarisira kuva chaizvo kubatsira ngava ipapo kuwana mari yako, zvichida aoma.

kufembera

Hazvina kunyaradzwa nezvoupfumi vagari vanhuwo, achitaura zvinhu zvakanaka dambudziko, asi munhuwo zvake mumugwagwa havasi kukurudzira tarisiro kuti kurasikirwa nemari, akaderedza solvency uye tikwanise huri upenyu. Iye ane hanya mubvunzo kuti kana depreciation mari, mamiriro ezvinhu pasi iyo kunoitika, uye zvokuita kubuda ichi ezvinhu asina kumbokuvadzwa. Eya, nyika, uyewo nyika upfumi, pasinei pachena kunzwisisa, kuita mumwe kumbonyanya nyore musimboti. Kutsiga rokutenga simba uye kudiwa simba zvinhu, izvo, kana zvaaida, mumwe anogona kudzidza kubva yakazaruka zvinyorwa. Ukuru GDP, vatorwa reserves, kukosha nechitarisiko mudzimba chikwereti, uye Chikurukuru, simba rinomutsa kuchinja dzavo - izvi macroeconomic zviratidzo zvaratidza. Pano zvose zviri muna vanhuwo mhuri imwe: kana mari yapera kupfuura izvozvo anowana, pakupedzisira nayo vacharasikirwa chivimbo pamusoro chikwereti, uye kwokuputsika kunoitika. Kana zvasiyana - unogona kurara murunyararo.