Kafka, Franz (Franz Kafka). Works, Biography, mapikicha

Franz Kafka, vane mabasa vanozivikanwa munyika yose, aiva muvambi mavambo Jewish chiGerman. Oddly, munyori, uyo zvino munyika yose, mumazuva ake haana akakurumbira, uye akabudisa vashoma pfupi nyaya. All ake mabhuku nhaka Kafka akarayira pomoto, asi shamwari yake Max Brod kuteerera, uye chete nemhaka nyika akawana panze uyo munyori uyu husinganzwisisiki, uye kuzivana nemabasa ake.

emunyori uduku

Kafka Frants - inozivikanwa munyori wokuGermany chakangomuka Jewish. Akaberekwa July 3, 1883 mune rimwe cram wokuPrague, iyo panguva iyoyo yaiva chikamu hweAustria-Hungary. baba emunyori - Hermann Kafka - Czech-aiva muJudha, aishanda ari mushambadzi ari haberdashery chitoro, uye mai vake - Julia Kafka - anoti zvakawanda German, uyewo France, izvo, zvisinei, zvakanaka kuziva muCzech uye French. Mhuri, mukuwedzera kwaari, paiva nevana vakawanda. Two hama muduku munyori nezveramangwana akafa pauduku, asi ainge achine nehanzvadzi nhatu. Little Franz akaenda kuchikoro kusvikira 1893, uye ipapo vakaenda kuchikoro, uko iye kudzidza muna 1901, akagamuchira matriculation chitupa.

makore pakati

Panoperera paYunivhesiti Prague Kafka akagamuchira doctorate wake mutemo. Pashure paizvozvo, akashanda ari inishuwarenzi indasitiri panguva nyore vehurumende muranda nzvimbo. Muna 1922, Kafka akashaya pamudyandigere nokuda chirwere. Zvisinei, panguva yavo basa rinoitirwa muhofisi Kafka akaramba akatendeka kuna ake chikuru basa - mabhuku, izvo wakayeriswa nguva yakawanda. Nokuda refu tibhii, yakatanga pashure pulmonary ropa, munyori akafa June 3, 1924. Kafka asati afa akakumbira shamwari yake kuti apise zvose unpublished manyoro, asi haana kumuteerera, uye vakawanda mabasa matarenda munyori akanga rakabudiswa pashure pokufa kwake.

nyika yomukati pamusoro Kafka

Zvakaoma nguva dzose kutaura manzwiro munhu, kunyanya kana achituma yatisingaonekwi upenyu. Kunyange zvakadaro, upenyu yakakurumbira munyori wokuGermany chakangomuka Jewish ipapo rakanyorwawo umboo pamusoro kwete chete Biography yake, asi maonero aanoita upenyu. Chii chaizvo raiva Franz Kafka? "Tsamba kuna baba vangu", mumwe munyori wacho mabasa Somuenzaniso chinhu wakazonaka kuratidzwa yemunyori ukama nababa vake uye vakawanda youduku nendangariro.

utano

Zvikuru pamusoro emunyori upenyu sei utano hwake, izvo ndagara matambudziko. Vaiona mubvunzo nharo here matambudziko ake psychosomatic hunhu, asi kuti hosha wakatambudza munyori, riri mhiri mubvunzo. Miriwo uye kurovedza muviri nguva dzose - kuti Zvakafanana nokuedza kurarama avo ezvinhu Kafka. Franz akaedza unpasteurized mhou akawanda mukaka, izvo zvinogona kukonzera chirwere tibhii.

upenyu Personal

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kukundikana Kafka rudo mberi, kusvika pamwero wakakodzera kuti ukama dzaro baba despotic nokuda raakanga kumbobvira vakakwanisa kuva murume mhuri. Zvisinei, mune upenyu munyori akapindwa nevakadzi. Sezvo 1912 kusvika 1917 akanga ari kudanana naye Felitsiey Bauer, vaigara muBerlin. Panguva iyi, vakanga vave kuroorwa kaviri, asi vose nguva zvingasava kutungamirira chinhu. Kafka uye Felicia akakurukura zvikurukuru kuburikidza matsamba, zvakazoita dzemwoyo nomunyori yakabuda zvisizvo pamusoro musikana, zvishoma nhema. Kubva kupukunyuka matsamba zviri pachena kuti vaiva vanhu vakasiyana vave kukwanisa kuwana mutauro nevakawanda. Pashure paizvozvo Kafka aiva noukama Julia Vohrytsek, asi yekuroorana ichi ivowo nokukurumidza chichiregwa. Mukutanga 20-ies ari munyori vakatanga aidanana mutapi nomushanduri enganonyorwa ake - Milena Jesenská - iyewo akanga akaroora. Muna 1923, Kafka pamwe neMuse ake Dora Dimant akaenda Berlin kwemwedzi mishoma kuenda kure nemhuri uye kuzvipira mabhuku.

rufu

Pashure kushanyira Berlin, Kafka vakadzokera kuPrague. Zvishoma nezvishoma tiibhii ake kuwedzera mberi, kuunza matambudziko matsva kuti munyori. Izvi pakupedzisira zvakatungamirira kurufu Francis ari pachipatara pacho pedyo Vienna, izvo zvichida akanga kunokonzerwa vaneta. Persistent kurwadziwa huro haana kumubvumira kuti adye, uye apo intravenous kurapa waiva tanga kukura uye vaisagona kuita kuti zvokudya chakagadzirwa nzira. muviri mukuru munyori wokuGermany yakanga zvifambiswe kuna Prague, kwaakanga akavigwa New Jewish Cemetery.

Franz Kafka. zvisikwa

Njodzi mabasa munyori uyu zvikuru kujairika. Muupenyu hwake, Kafka tarenda ake akaramba harimboonekwi, uye akaonekwa pachaunga vashoma pfupi nyaya yake, izvo vaizivikanwa zvikuru kubudirira. Popular vanyori vakatanga pashure pokufa, uye chete nokuti kuti shamwari yake yepedyo - Max Brod - kuteerera kuda kwake, uye yakabudiswa enganonyorwa kuti Kafka aida kupisa, saka kuti hapana uye haana kuvatendera verenga. Zvikasadaro, nyika haana kuziva kuti Kafka. Enganonyorwa rakabudiswa Brod, nokukurumidza akatanga pose ngwariro zvinokwezva. All of akabudiswa mabasa munyori, kunze kwemakumi tsamba Milena Jesenská zvakanyorwa German. To musi, ivo mumitauro yakawanda uye vanozivikanwa munyika yose.

Nyaya "The Metamorphosis"

Franz Kafka mubasa iri zvizere ake maitiro mwoyo, mwoyo nenzira yairatidza maonero ake ukama hwevanhu. The chikuru gamba nyaya - zviri Gregor Samsa, murume kamwe akamuka mangwanani, anoziva kuti iye ikava inosembura zvikuru hofori Tupukanana. A chaiwo kutendeuka kuti munyori muri ezvinhu. Kafka hariratidzi zvikonzero kutaura pamusoro yezvakaitika kare, chikuru hunhu chete chinoitika kutarisana chokwadi kuti zvino iye Tupukanana. Gregor Samsa ndaziva yakapoteredza Kutarira yake itsva achitsoropodza. Baba rwunopera nayo mumba, uye hanzvadzi yangu, uyo pakutanga chaizvo inodziya nayo rinorondedzera kuchienzaniswa nevamwe, anouya nguva nenguva kudya iye. Pasinei kwayo kwokunze kuchinja, Gregor ndiye murume chete, pfungwa dzake uye manzwiro ake haana kuchinja.

Nekuti akanga ari awane mari yokutarisira mhuri, uye chaizvoizvo ose hama novimba Gregor, uyo akanga inoperable pashure atendeuka, kwakabva mhuri yakasarudza kutora nemaroja. New varimi vanoita vasinganyari, uye nehama yacho protagonist kuwedzera kutsoropodza naye, nekuti ikozvino haagoni kuvarinda. Hanzvadzi anotanga kuuya zvishoma uye nezvahwo, uye zvishoma nezvishoma mhuri akanganwa pamusoro nezvipembenene, izvo vaimbova dzavo hama. Nyaya inoguma nokufa huru hunhu, izvo chaizvoizvo haana kukonzera mhuri yake anenge asina manzwiro. Kuti zvimwe kusimbisa yairwisana vanhu vakamupoteredza, pakupera basa, munyori anorondedzera sei hama Gregor Samsa mutambarakede remba.

kuongorora

Ziendamberi munyori penmanship akaratidza zvakakwana munyaya "The Metamorphosis". Franz Kafka kuridza basa narrator chete haana kutsvaka kuti mafungiro avo zviitiko zvinorondedzerwa. Kutaura zvazviri, nyaya iri kurondedzera inopisa zviitiko. Cho manyorero munyori ndiyewo protagonist, uyo anooneka pamberi vasakarurama, dzimwe nguva penga mugumo. Ndiwo mutambo womunhu, kungori zviitiko nawo akanga asina kukwanisa kurwa. Pasinei naka rangano, munyaya, uye pane zvikuru chaizvoizvo mashoko akatendeuka chigadzirwa kupinda zvokufananidzira.

Roman "Process"

Kufanana nevamwe chinozikamwa mabasa munyori dzakawanda, basa iri rakabudiswa pashure pokufa kwake. Izvi ndizvo Kafka kuti yokufungidzira, iyo inoreva kwete chete pezvokuvamba penga, asiwo zvokungofungidzira chete realism. Uchinyatsobatanidzwa kurukana, izvi zvose zvinomutsa mumwe yokufungidzira kwouzivi yaiva kuratidzwa yemunyori zvinangwa okusika.

Hazvizivikanwi kuti nheyo wakatungamirirawo munyori, kutanga "muitiro", asi zvinyorwa haina kuumbwa kuva izere chigadzirwa, izvozvo raiva muzvizhinji kuti yoga zvitsauko. Gare gare vakanga akaiswa pamusoro muronga zviitiko, uye nenzira iyi munyika vakaona basa akaita Kafka.

"Process" inotiudza upenyu murume anonzi Joseph K., uyo anoshanda nyore mushandi mubhengi. Rimwe mangwanani, akanga asungwa vasingazivikanwi vanhu, pasina chaiyo chikonzero. Kwenguva refu nguva yokuti kurinda, asi hapana munhu anotora matanho vomupfigira.

Chinonyanya chinoshamisa pano ndechokuti Josef K. haana pfungwa zvaakanga vanofungidzirwa, uye iye wakapomerwa nekuti haana kubereka chinhu. Mumazana chigadzirwa ane kuedza kunzwisisa chikonzero asungwa. Zvisinei, hazvibviri kunyange apo mhosva kutsungirira rufu uye pakarepo kuuraya akundwa mwoyo, "sembwa". Mutambi mukuru, oga kwavo hondo, haagoni kuzadzisa chokwadi.

"The Castle"

Uyu mumwe itsva munyori ane mugove rangano zvezvidzidzo upenzi, izvo kazhinji kacho akashandisa Franz Kafka. "The Castle" - basa iri, rinotaura nyaya imwe K., uyo akauya kumusha kuti basa pachivakwa. Pavakasvika, anodzidza kuti zvose pano inotongwa yemauto asi kuti kubasa kana kunyange ikoko, anofanira kuwana mvumo.

K. ari kuedza zvose zvinogoneka nzira kuwana mvumo, asi haana kushandisa kuita. Mugumisiro ndechokuti musha haafaniri pachivakwa, uye K. akabayira pambiru nharirire. The protagonist anobvuma, nekuti haana sarudzo. The nganonyorwa inotanga kure pamusoro kushanyira Karl wengoro. Sezvo nemimba munyori, Karl aifanira kugara pano nokusingaperi, asi vasati vafa angadai akagamuchira shoko rake vari mumusha waiva pamutemo, asi zvino Castle anobvumira kuti vararame uye vashande pano. Asi shamwari yake, akati kuti kumisa basa iri yokufungidzira, uye kudzokera hazvina chinangwa.

mamwe mabasa

Kuwedzera mabasa aya achishandisa munyori pane zvakawanda zvishoma dzakakurumbira. Somuenzaniso, pane kuunganidza inoverengeka nyaya pfupi, iyo yakatanga Franz Kafka. "Mutsamba Milena" - ndomumwe muenzaniso epistolary lyric munyori. muunganidzwa ichi, chine tsamba yakanyorerwa imwe vanoda ake - Milena Esinskoy, izvo pakutanga kwaingova mushanduri mabasa ake kupinda Czech. Somugumisiro, pakati munyori uye Milena akarova mumwe dzorudo nomutsamba, iro zvakasimba kufurirwa Kafka, asi akamuita kunyanya mufaro kupfuura zvakanga zvisati, pashure pacho vakawana kuti vatambi vavo hahuenderani.

Icho muunganidzwa, rakanyorwa Kafka kwete chete. Franz munguva hwake akabudiswa chete nyaya dzisina kumuisa mukurumbira akadai enganonyorwa, akaziva paakanga afa, asi ivo havana zvishoma zvinoshamisa uye anokosha kubva mabhuku pfungwa maonero. Saka, vanofanira kutaurwa, zvakare. Chiizve wakasika inoshamisa Franz Kafka? "Labyrinth" - dzakaunganidzwa nyaya pfupi, izvo zvinosanganisira basa iroro zita, uye nevamwe vanoverengeka, yakakurumbira zvikuru iyo anonzi "Investigation wembwa."

sitaira

Rwara uye realism, chokwadi uye ingano ... Zvinoita sokuti zvose izvi zvaisaenderana pfungwa, asi munyori Anokwanisa organically kusunga zvinhu zvakasiyana zvitaera uye Genres. Tenzi mashoko, munhu shasha akanga asina kuzivikanwa muupenyu hwake, uye pashure pokufa kwake akava akakurumbira munyika yose - zvose Kafka. Franz akava chiratidzo apo, inzwi revanhu, kuparidza oga.

mhedziso

vatambi vake akafanana: ivo nezvinetso kuti hazvigoni kugadziriswa, uye tiri umwe-on-chimwe chete muupenyu.

The Zvinosiririsa uye enyambo zvinokubatai pamusoro chimiro zvokufananidzira zviri nakisisa nyaya Kafka. Iye haatsvaki kuratidza gamba kana murume anoshamisa, munyori rinotaura pamusoro munhu kutya chinhu yakakwirira, kusvikira kunze nyika, iyo inoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu. Kafka kuti vanonyanya kutaurwa - vanhu vanozviwana vari mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma, izvo Hazvirevi pavo uye hakugoni kugadziriswa. izvi zvose apedzisire kuti kuchengeteka kwavo, kusurukirwa uye kutya - zvose zvinhu nguva dzose nevanhu achadzinga mu musaridzisa ezvinhu.