Hypoeutectoid simbi: chidziro, zvivako, kugadzirwa uye kushandiswa

Kushandiswa kabhoni simbi zvikuru rokuvaka uye indasitiri. Boka kunzi hwokugadzira simbi ine mikana yakawanda kuti dzinotungamirira vawedzere chokupika kuguma zvinhu uye mazano. Pamwe nesimba optimum uye nemishonga kushushikana, alloys vakadaro vane kuchinja uye vakagwinya zvivako. Zvikurukuru, aifarira-eutectoid simbi, iro anewo rebei chikamu Zvinoumba carbonaceous wemisanganiswa aikoshesa kuti kumusoro ductility. Asi handizvo zvose zvakanakira dzehorokodzwa mukuru-simba simbi.

General ruzivo pamusoro chiwanikwa

The chinosiyanisa enzvimbo esimbi ndiwo kuvapo marongerwo aikosha chiwanikwa uye kabhoni netsvina. Chaizvoizvo, pasi kabhoni tigutsikane uye vakatsunga aifarira-eutectoid chiwanikwa. Zvakakosha kusiyanisa chekare uye eutectoid uye ledeburitic simbi, vane zvakawanda pamwe unyanzvi iron zvinorondedzerwa mhando. Kana tikafunga kirasi STRUCTURAL simbi, kuti chiwanikwa achaita doevtektoidnyh vaitire eutectoid, asi ine chikamu doped ferrite uye pearlite. The musiyano mukuru kubva hypereutectoid kabhoni pamwero ari pazasi 0,8%. Kwazvo chakarurama izvi zvinobvumira kureva zvizere eutectoid simbi. Mune dzimwe nzira pakatarisana doevtektoida ari hypereutectoid simbi, umo kuwedzera perlite rinewo marara yechipiri carbides. Saka, pane huru mbiri zvinoita kuti kubvumira kuti govera hypoeutectoid alloys ari zvavo boka eutectoid. Chekutanga, ndiko duku zviri kabhoni, uye chepiri chaiwo akagadzirwa nouipi zviri yakavakirwa ferrite.

kugadzira michina

Kunopindirana muitiro aifarira-eutectoid simbi kugadzira muitiro rakafanana kugadzirwa vamwe alloys. Kureva, kushandisa zvinenge zvakafanana nzira, asi mune dzimwe configurations. Special nzeve hypoeutectoid simbi zvinoda pakuwana muzvikamu waro chaiyo mamiriro. Nokuti zvemichina ichi rinobatanidzwa kuitira manyowa kubva austenite pamusoro kutonhora background. Uyewo austenite unobatanidzwa pamwe musanganiswa zvaisanganisira zvakafanana ferrite uye pearlite. By muchidziisa uye kutonhora zvazvingava murau unyanzvi anogona kudzora vakapararira chirungiso, iyo pakupedzisira hunobata paumbwe dzimwe kuita zvechadenga zvinhu.

Zvisinei, rokuti kabhoni yakapiwa perlite inoramba nenguva chechetere. Kunyange unozotevera annealing anogona kuchinja kuti paumbwe microstructure, carbon tigutsikane achava mukati 0,8%. Kwomutoro danho iri paumbwe imwe simbi mamiriro uye normalization. nzira iyi inodiwa optimizing fractional remakungwa chete austenite. Nemamwe mashoko, ferrite uye perlite nezvimedu vari kuderedzwa kune Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri kukura, mamwe anovandudza hwokugadzira uye mumuviri maitiro simbi. Uyu muitiro wakaoma kunzwisisa umo yakawanda kudziyisa kunoenderana unhu mutemo. Kana kupfuudza tembiricha inogona kupiwa pamwe vanetsane - kuwedzera austenite tsanga.

annealing kuti simbi

Annealing iri tsika kushandisa nzira dzakawanda. A vangasimudzira siyana rwokugadzira kwakakwana uye kukwana annealing. Muchiitiko chokutanga pane ndichibvunza kudziyisa kune austenite kuchinja tembiricha, pashure iyo normalization iri kuitwa kutonhora. Pakarepo austenite kuora. Kazhinji, annealing izere steels achibudiswa muoti 700-800 ° C. Heat kurapwa pamwero wakarurama ferrite zvaanopa simba ari dzinotsanagura disintegration zvinhu. The kutonhora zvazvingava zvakare amenable kuti kugadziridzwa, somuenzaniso, vashandi basa anogona kudzora musuo vira kamuri, kuvhara kana rokuizarura. New mhando isothermal vira anogona vapiwa basa anonoke kutonhora, maererano chirongwa zvakafanorongwa.

Panyaya nyoro annealing, zvinonzi anoitwa kudziyisa ari tembiricha pamusoro 800 ° C. Zvisinei, pane zvakakomba kurambidzwa nguva rarinoshevedzwa yakaoma tembiricha migumisiro. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, pane zvishomanana annealing, umo ferrite hazvirevi kunyangarika. Somugumisiro, kwete zvachose uye muzvizhinji kuti ramangwana pokuperevedza zvokunyama mamiriro. Nei vachifanira aitamba steels, kana asingadi kuvandudza mumuviri unhu? Kutaura zvazviri, zviri zvisakakwana kupisa kurapwa kunoita kuti kuchengeta nyoro unaku. Kwokupedzisira zvinhu angada kwete ose munzvimbo chikumbiro, riri chinoratidza kuti kabhoni steels sezvo vakadaro, asi achava nyore zvibereko machine psac. Soft aifarira-eutectoid chiwanikwa pasina zvikuru chinetso amenable nokuveza uye isingadhuri mari iri mukugadzira kwacho.

chiwanikwa normalization

Mushure vachiridzira anouya dzoro yakakwirira kupisa kurapwa maitirwe ezvinhu. Govera normalization kushanda uye kudziyisa. Vacho iri chafariz simba pamusoro workpiece uko tembiricha inogona pfuura 1000 ° C. Asi roga normalization doevtektoidnyh zvakatanga kuitika pashure pakuguma kupisa kurapwa. Panguva ino otanga kutonhora mu achiri mhepo mamiriro panguva iyo kugara kunoitika kuti apedzise inotungamirwa wakaisvonaka austenite. Ndiko, kupisa rudzi regadziriro remapazi vasati kuunza chiwanikwa iri normalized ezvinhu. Kana isu kutaura zvakananga STRUCTURAL kuchinja, kazhinji vari kutaurwa vasanyanye kukura ferrite uye pearlite, uyewo kuwedzera kwavo neukukutu. The simba unhu nezvimedu vowanda mukuita sezvo tichienzanisa zvakafanana maitiro, kunokwanisika annealing maitirwe ezvinhu.

Pashure normalization zvingateverwa neimwe nokupisa kurapa ane refu shutter nokukurumidza. Zvadaro, preform iri dzaserera, uye danho iri zvinogona kuitwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana. Endpoint hypoeutectoid simbi kana anotendeuka mudenga kana sechoto pamwe kunonoka kutonhora. Sezvo tsika inoratidza Wekumusoro yepamusoro chiwanikwa chakaumbwa kuita zvizere normalization zvigadzirwa.

Temperature zvainoita chiwanikwa mamiriro

Chipingaidzo tembiricha iri mubishi rokuumba simbi mamiriro rinotanga kuchinja ferrite-cementite kune austenite guru. Nemamwe mashoko, pearlite anoenderera huchiti dzichipfekeka muvhenganiswa izvo pamwe inova hwaro yokuumba yakakwirira simba simbi. In rinotevera danho chafariz kuona akaomesa simbi chinozadzwa kubvisa zvakawandisa ferrite. Sezvatotaurwa, haasi nguva dzose chose kuchiparadza, sezvo zvakaita kukwana annealing. Asi klassiske doevtektoidnyh chiwanikwa achiri inosanganisira kubviswa austenite zvinoriumba. Inotevera Danho iri kare kuwanikwa optimize murwiyo ari kuverenga pamusoro paumbwe optimized mamiriro. Ndiko, pane rutapudzo pamusoro chiwanikwa nezvimedu pamwe kuwana yakawedzera simba zvivako.

Isothermal kushanduka pamwe musanganiswa supercooled austenite anogona kuitwa mu modes siyana netembiricha mumatunhu - chete mumwe parameters iyo anodzora technologist. Peak zvikamu uyewo siyana chafariz simba, kuti kutonhora mwero uye t. D. Zvichienderana yasarudzwa muoti normalization vakawana akaomesa simbi Kunyanya hwokugadzira uye chitarisiko. Zviri Panguva iyi zvakare mukana kubvunza akananga uye woshanda zvivako. Muenzaniso unoshamisa ndiye chiwanikwa ane nyoro magadzirirwo, zvichiguma vakarongeka mberi kugadzira. Asi vagadziri vakawanda vachiri kutungamirirwa zvinodiwa kuguma User uye zvawaitaura nokuda zvinhu zvekushandisa uye anodawo zvechadenga simbi.

mamiriro simbi

normalization muoti ari tembiricha pa 700 ° C anoita paumbwe nemamiriro umo pangoro uchava ferrite uye pearlite mbeu. Nenzira, panzvimbo hypereutectoid simbi pakati ferrite maumbirwo ane cementite. At mukamuri tembiricha iri zvisingatomboiti ezvinhu rinozivikanwa uye zviri zvakanyanya ferrite, kunyange kuwedzera mugove uyu kabhoni iri kushoma. Zvakakosha kusimbisa kuti nemamiriro simbi duku dhigirii novimba kabhoni kugutsikana. Haana anongoda hapana zvainoita maitiro huru zvinoriumba iri chete kupisa uye zvinenge zvose kusimbiswa pearlite. Chaizvoizvo, nokuti perlite uye anogona kuona padanho kabhoni muvhenganiswa - kazhinji miduku.

Chimwe dzinonakidza STRUCTURAL nuance. Chokwadi chokuti tudonhwe perlite uye ferrite muchiva chaiyo regiravhiti. Izvi zvinoreva kuti nhamba imwe yenhengo ava bundu kuwana zvavakanga rwaigara zvachose munzvimbo. Saka akadzidza microsection pemvura. Zvichienderana chimiro umo kupisa yakabereka aifarira-eutectoid simbi, yakaumbwa uye fractional parameters austenite inoramba. Asi anenge nomunhu nokuumbwa nemamwe tsika - chimwe chinhu chinoramba mutemo miganhu parameters siyana.

Properties doevtektoidnoy simbi

simbi Izvi zvinoreva munyoro simbi, saka chaiyo kuita unhu hazvigoni kutarisirwa kubva kwaari. Zvakakwana kutaura kuti simba zvechadenga chiwanikwa yekudyidzana anorasikirwa eutectoid. Izvi imhaka chete kusiyana chivako. Chokwadi chokuti doevtektoidnyh simbi giredhi ine zvakawandisa simbi muduku nesimba analogs kuva chairo muna STRUCTURAL yakatarwa. Neimwe nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, unyanzvi nokuda kuvaka zvekutepfenyura yakarumbidza kushandisa alloys kweShanduro rave chinozoiswa kufadza vachiridzira kushanda pamwe misha yose ferrites.

Kana isu kutaura zvakanaka aakatipa ehupfumi izvi zvinhu, ipapo vari ductility, kuramba yepanyama zvipenyu muitiro nokuparadzwa uye zvichingodaro. D. With richipedza ichi doevtektoidnyh steels anogona kuwedzera simbi uye zvinoverengeka zvimwe zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, zvingava dzakakwirira chafariz nemishonga, uye kushaya susceptibility kuti ngura pezvakaitwa, uyewo chine rokudzivirira zvivako zviri kwakajairika yakaderera kabhoni alloys.

Minda chikumbiro

Pasinei zvishoma kuderera simba ehupfumi yakafanira kune simbi kungova mukirasi ferritic steels, mashoko aya ari kuparadzirwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana munzvimbo. Somuenzaniso, mune zvokuimba ouinjiniya akashandisa zvikamu dzakagadzirwa simbi doevtektoidnyh. Chimwe chinhu kuti anoshandisa dzakakwirira giredhi alloys, kugadzirwa iyo yaishandiswa yemhando vachiridzira rwokugadzira uye normalization. Uyewo, sechivako aifarira-eutectoid simbi ine pasi zviri ferrite inobvumira kushandisa simbi iri kugadzirwa rokuvaka zvivako. Uyezve inokwanisika mutengo vamwe mamakisi hwendarira iri mhando runoita kuti kuvimba zvinokosha nemari. Dzimwe nguva, ari zvaAtemisi zvokuvakisa uye simbi modules regai zvinoda simba kwakakwirira asi kunoda kupfeka nemishonga uye elasticity. Muzviitiko zvakadaro chete mhosva chikumbiro doevtektoidnyh alloys.

kugadzirwa

Gadzira, kugadzirira uye kusunungurwa aifarira-eutectoid simbi kuRussia vari kuita mabhizimisi akawanda. Somuenzaniso, Ural chirimwa nonferrous simbi (UZTSM) manufactures mamakisi akawanda hwendarira kwakadai, kupa inodzidzisa chakasiyana yakatarwa unyanzvi uye mumuviri zvivako. Ural Steel chirimwa unobereka ferrite simbi, ane yepamusoro chiwanikwa zvinoriumba. Uyezve, zvakasiyana-siyana anowanikwa okunatsiridza anokosha alloys, kusanganisira superalloys, uye mukuru-chromium Stainless simbi.

Pakati zvikuru vaburitsi vangazivikanwa, uye boka "Metalloinvest". Panguva zvivako zviri kambani dziripo STRUCTURAL simbi pamwe doevtektoidnoy chivako, akagadzirirwa kushandiswa rokuvaka. Panguva iyoyo, simbi zvigayo chirimwa anoshanda pamusoro nezvinodiwa itsva, iyo anobvumira kuvandudza simba gwapa uye ferrite alloys - simba unhu. Kunyanya, mabikirwo kambani kushanda kuvandudza kunetseka zvikuru chinhu, kuti optimize kusimba uye kuramba kuneta unongotaura. Izvi anotibvumira kupa alloys chinangwa rakapotsa nokudenga.

mhedziso

Kune akawanda hwokugadzira uye operative zvivako zviri maindasitiri uye kuvakwa nesimbi, izvo vaiona zvinokosha uye aigara akavandudzika. Zvisinei, sezvo kunzwisisa zvivako uye pezvakaitwa kubuda, uye zvaanoda itsva nokuda Hardware zvinoriumba. Panyaya iyi, yakajeka kunoratidza pacharo aifarira-eutectoid simbi, sezvamakaropafadzwa dzakasiyana huve unongotaura. Kushandiswa simbi iyi haaruramiswi muzviitiko apo anodiwa chinhu multiple Ultra-soro kuita, uye mumamiriro ezvinhu anoda anokosha non-mureza anoita zvivako zvakasiyana. Panyaya iyi simbi anoratidza muenzaniso mubatanidzwa mukana wokushandiswa uye ductility pamwe Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri zvazvinoita nemishonga uye zvikuru pakudzivirira unhu runowanzoitika vakawanda kabhoni alloys.