Vagari Bashkiria: vemo, dzinza akafanana, chitendero

Bashkirs - yekare vanhu vanogara kumaodzanyemba Urals vane dzinenge 12 emakore. Nyaya yavo Zvinofadza zvikuru uye zvinoshamisa kuti, pasinei kwezvakatipoteredza vavakidzani simba, Bashkirs akachengetedzwa tsika yaro yokusiyana uye saka kure, kunyange zvazvo, dzinza kuitwa kuita basa rayo. Vagari Bashkortostan kuti 2016 yaiva vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni 4. Havasi vose vaigara munzvimbo vari chizvarwa vakurukuri uye tsika yekare, asi mweya dzinza inochengeterwa pano.

nenzvimbo nzvimbo

Bashkortostan iri pamuganhu Europe uye Asia. mundima Republic iri pfuurei 143 zviuru mativi mamita. ? km uye inofukidza chikamu East European Plain, gomo gadziriro South Urals uye Trans-Urals chikomo. Munharaunda yacho guta - Ufa - misha kupfuura Republic, uye navamwe weguta Bashkiria mu vemo uye kukura nharaunda kure shure kwake.

Bashkortostan kuzorodzwa zvikuru siyana. The yakakwirira munzvimbo - Zigalga muhomba (1427 m). Mapani uye zvikomo vari unonyatsokodzera zvokurima, saka Bashkiria vagari yagara vaita mhuka minda uye chirimwa kugadzirwa. The zvokuvhoterwa nezvi- mvura pfuma, izvozvo anoiswa nembiya dzenzizi dzakadai Volga, Ural uye Ob. On muganhu Bashkortostan anotora 12 zviuru nzizi dzakasiyana kukura, izvozvo dzimba 2700 makungwa, zvikurukuru remvura mabviro. Panewo akasika 440 reservoirs nevanhu.

Nharaunda ine guru reserves zvicherwa. Saka, pano inowanikwa deposits mafuta, ndarama, simbi mhangura, ndarira, negasi, zinc. Bashkortostan iri munzvimbo dzinodziya vematunhu, iri munharaunda yayo yakawanda zvakavhenganiswa dondo, inowanzorimwa uye inowanzorimwa. Chinoronga nhatu huru kuchengeterwa uye wandei hunhu hwemunhu. Bashkortostan muganhu riri vanotongwa Federation sezvo Sverdlovsk, kuChelyabinsk Orenburg kumatunhu, pamwe Udmurtia uye Tatarstan.

Nhoroondo Bashkir vanhu

Vanhu vokutanga munharaunda Bashkortostan ano vachiri akararama makore mamiriyoni 50-40 apfuura. Vanochera matongo vakawana zvisaririra panzvimbo dzekare mubako iman. Mune Paleolithic, Mesolithic uye madzinza neolithic ose vavhimi uye vaunganidzi vaigara pano, ivo nyanzvi yomunharaunda yacho, mhuka dzaichengetwa, kuruboshwe vanodhirowa pamusoro mubako pamadziro. Majini ava vakatanga kugara simbi chawo kuumbika Bashkir yaanobva.

Kwe Bashkirs rokutanga anogona kuverenga zvakanyorwa Arab geographers. Vanoti kuti akararama nezita "Bashkort" vanhu vari 9-11 fung emakore kumativi maviri Makomo Ural. Muna 10-12 emakore vakasuwa ari Bashkirs zvaiva chikamu mamiriro ose Volga Bulgaria. Kubva muzana remakore rechi13 ivo vakarwa zvinotyisa chete eMongolia, aida vatore nyika dzavo. Izvi yakanga yaita Panodyidzanwa chibvumirano uye kwemakore 13-14 Bashkir vanhu ndiyo chikamu Golden Horde iri rinokosha ezvinhu. Bashkirs vakanga vasiri vanhu, takapoteredzwa mutero. Vakaramba yavo magariro uye vaiva Kagan muchiuto. Pashure pokuwa Golden Horde, ivo Bashkirs zvaiva chikamu Kazan uye Siberian Horde.

Muzana remakore rechi16 vakatanga kumanikidza simba pamusoro kuzvimirira kubva Bashkirs kubva Russian Empire. Munguva 1550s Ivan Grozny akadana vanhu nokuzvidira kubatana hurumende yake. Long kwakadzama dzakaitwa, uye muna 1556 dzakasaina chibvumirano pamusoro asapinda Bashkirs muumambo Russian kunyatsonzwisisa mamiriro. Vanhu vaine kodzero dzavo chitendero, inotungamirira, hondo, asi akabhadhara mutero kuna Russian chamber, nokuti vawane rubatsiro inoodza vatorwa kurwisa.

Kusvikira muzana remakore rechi17 zvinhu esungano vanoremekedzwa, asi pamwe kuuya nesimba Romanovs vakatanga encroachments pamusoro dzinozvitonga kodzero Bashkirs. Izvi zvakaita kuti akatevedzana yokumukira 17-18 fung emakore. Vanhu vakatambura hombe nezvinhu zviri kurwira kodzero dzavo uye rusununguko, asi akakwanisa kudzivirira kuzvionera ayo mukati Russian Empire, kunyange vachiri vamwe tobvuma vaifanira kuenda.

Muna 18-19 emakore fung Bashkiria rave zvaiswa pasi administrative kuchinja, asi kazhinji anoramba kodzero kugara munhoroondo miganhu. Bashkiria vemo munhoroondo yayo kwave varwi zvakaisvonaka. Bashkirs vakatora Zvinoshingaira ose hondo dzakarwiwa pedyo Russia: muna 1812 hondo, Wokutanga Second World Wars. Kufirwa vanhu vakanga kukuru, asi kukunda mbiri. Pakati Bashkirs dzakawanda chaizvo magamba-varwi.

Panguva kubvuta masimba ose 1917 Bashkiria akatanga ari mhiri Red Army kuti nemishonga akasikwa Bashkir mauto kuti vaitsigira Pfungwa rusununguko rwacho urwu. Zvisinei, nokuda kwezvikonzero zvinoverengeka muna 1919, hurumende Bashkir akauya aidzorwa nehurumende yeSoviet. Senzira Soviet Union Bashkiria aida kuumba mubatanidzwa zvokuvhoterwa. Asi Stalin akati kuti Tatarstan uye Bashkortostan haagoni dzeSoviet, sezvo vari enclaves Russian, saka Bashkir zvionera zvokuvhoterwa akasikwa.

Munguva Soviet, nharaunda vaifanira kutsungirira matambudziko uye pezvakaitwa zvakafanana nokuti yose USSR. Kwave collectivization uye maindasitiri. Munguva yehondo pakati Bashkiria akanga abviswa maindasitiri nezvimwe mabhizimisi akawanda, izvo akaumba hwaro post-hondo kwemaindasitiri uye kupora. Panguva kugadzirisa, muna 1992, yakanga vakazivisa Republic of Bashkortostan pamwe reMitemo kwayo. Nhasi, Bashkortostan ari kushingaira mubasa kumutsidzirwa zvitupa uye tsika yemadzitateguru.

The zvachose nevanhu Bashkiria. emuchina zviri zviratidzo

The Verenga Bashkortostan yokutanga yakaitwa muna 1926, apo munharaunda reRepublic akararama mamiriyoni 2,665 vanhu. Gare gare nokufungidzira kuti nhamba vagere nharaunda rwaiitwa panguva kunosiyana zvikamu, uye chete kubva mukupera kwezana remakore rechi20 Data akadaro akatanga yakaunganidzwa pagore.

Asati pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi21, vagari simba zvakanga zvakanaka. Kudeuka kuwedzera nhamba vagari vakauya mangwanani 50s. Mune dzimwe nguva nharaunda ichiwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma avhareji yevanhu 100 zviuru. Zvishomanana slowdown mu kukura hwakanyorwa mukutanga 90s.

Yakanga chete muna 2001 yakaratidza kunaka simba zvokuwedzera. Gore negore, nhamba vagari yakaderera nezvikamu zviuru akawanda vanhu. By pakuguma 2000s, mamiriro ezvinhu zano zvishoma, asi muna 2010 nhamba vagari vatsva vakatanga kusviba.

Nhasi vanhu Bashkiria (2016) akanga akagadzikana, nhamba iri 441 000 vanhu. Nepo wevanotungamirira uye zvoupfumi zviratidzi havatarisiri kuvandudzika ezvinhu. Asi Bashkortostan utungamiri unoisa yokutanga kuderedza hunofa vawedzere nokuberekwa mwero iri nharaunda, izvo zvinofanira chokwadi kuchinja nhamba mairi.

Administrative weboka Bashkortostan

Kubvira pezana remakore rechi16 sezvo chikamu Bashkortostan yeRussian hwacho vakabatana kupota Ufa. Kutanga raiva Ufa woruwa, ipapo Ufa mudunhu Ufa Province. Munguva Soviet nharaunda akasangana wandei kuchinja miganhu-administrative chokuita nedumbu, akakamura kupinda maruwa. Muna 2009, kwakasarudzwa nhasi Bashkortostan nokupesana mukati miganhu dzakabatana. Maererano Republican mitemo munzvimbo kwakaratidza dzoruwa 54, guta 21, 8 vavo - Republican kuzviisa pasi, 4532 misha. Today Bashkortostan mumadhorobha vanacho zvishoma nezvishoma kuwedzera kunyanya nokuda zvemukati yokutama.

kuparadzirwa VOKUPARIDZIRA

Russia - kunyanya agrarian nyika, vanenge 51% kubva vokuRussia vanogara kumaruwa. Kana isu vanoyera madhorobha vanhu Bashkiria (2016), tinogona kuona kuti vanenge 48% yevanhu anogara navo, kuti ndiyo. E. miriyoni 1.9 kubva anokwana mamiriyoni 4. Kureva nharaunda anoiswa mukati munyika muitiro. List pakati Bashkiria maguta maererano ndimo sezvinotevera: chikuru kugarwa - ari Ufa (vanhu mamiriyoni 1.112), nevamwe misha iri duku zvikuru kukura, musoro shanu kunosanganisirawo Sterlitamak (279,000 vanhu), Salavat (154 000) Neftekamsk (137,000) uye October (114 zviuru). Mamwe maguta vari pakati duku, nhamba yavo hakuiti pfuura 70 zviuru.

Age-zvepabonde Kuronga vanhu Bashkiria

Munyika indekisi vanhukadzi kuti munhurume reshiyo anenge 1,1. Uye pazera nhamba vakomana dzinopfuura vasikana, asi pamwe zera, mufananidzo kunoshandurwa. Tichitarisa vagari Bashkiria, unogona kuona kuti uyu muitiro mberi pano. Paavhareji, nokuti zviuru varume ose pane 1139 vakadzi.

Distribution chavagari nokuchembera muRepublic of Bashkortostan riri sezvinotevera: pasi kushanda zera - 750 zviuru vanhu, pamusoro vanoshanda - 830 zviuru vanhu vanoshanda zera - vanhu mamiriyoni 2,4. Saka, muna 1000 ari kushanda zera nhoroondo inenge 600 vechiduku uye vakwegura. Paavhareji, ichi unoenderana nezvemaitiro yenyika. Age-zvepabonde womuenzaniso Bashkiria nharaunda anogona kunzi kuti kukwegura mhando runoti nezveramangwana riri kuomesa pamusoro wevanotungamirira uye zvoupfumi mamiriro ezvinhu munzvimbo.

National anoumba vokuparidzira

Kubvira muna 1926, iye aiitisa zvokuongorora National Kuronga vagere Bashkir Republic. Panguva ino kwakaratidza zvinotevera nemiitiro: kuwanda Russian vanacho zvishoma nezvishoma kudzikira, pamwe 39,95% kusvika 35.1%. A nhamba Bashkirs kunowedzera kubva 23,48% kusvika 29%. Uye madzinza Bashkirs pamusoro Bashkortostan kuti 2016 ndiro mamiriyoni 1,2. Other mapoka emarudzi vanomirirwa sezviverengo: wechiTatar - 24%, Chuvashes - 2.6%, Mari - 2.5%. Other madzinza aimiririra asingasviki 1% of vagari vose vomunyika.

Munzvimbo pane dambudziko guru kuti kuchengetedza marudzi maduku. Saka, Kryashens nevanhu mumakore 100 apfuura yakura, Mishari dziri vava kuda kutsakatika, uye teptyari anyangarika chose. Naizvozvo, utungamiri mudunhu riri kuedza kusika Mamiriro ezvinhu kuti richengetedzwe yasara subethnoses diki.

Language uye chitendero

In yenyika Munzvimbo anogara dambudziko ndichengetedze chitendero uye mutauro, hapana chakasara uye Bashkiria. Caucasian kwevanhu - chinokosha zvitupa. For Bashkirs kutenda yemadzitateguru ndiye Sunni Islam. Munguva Soviet, chitendero aiva ndibatsireiwo kurambidzwa, kunyange zvazvo intra-nzira kazhinji vachiri pasi kuvakwa, maererano netsika Muslim. Mugore post-perestroika nguva muna Bashkiria anotanga kumutsidzirwa tsika dzechitendero. Makore anopfuura 20 munzvimbo yakazarurwa anopfuura 1,000 mosques (munguva Soviet kwaingova 15), machechi anenge 200 Orthodox uye masangano nevamwe vezvitendero akawanda ezvitendero. Asi chitendero chikuru munharaunda iri Islam, chitendero muridzi vanenge 70% nekereke dzose nyika.

Language - chinokosha zvitupa. In Bashkortostan munguva Soviet maiva rinokosha mutauro nehurumende. Saka, vakawanda vakatanga kurasikirwa mutauro wavo waamai. Kubvira muna 1989, nyika yaiitisa rinokosha basa rumutsiriro mutauro wamarudzi. Mvumo nokuti nechikoro mumutauro wavo (Bashkir, Tatar). Nhasi, 95% vemo vanotaura Russian, 27% muridzi neDare Bashkir, 35% - wechiTatar.

upfumi The nharaunda yacho

Bashkortostan - chimwe chezvinhu kugadzikana tichitarisa zvoupfumi kumatunhu Russia. Nedra Bashkortostan nezvi- zvicherwa, saka zvokuvhoterwa inoremekedzwa wa9 nzvimbo nyika mafuta uye 1st - yawo kugadzira. upfumi munharaunda iri zvakanaka hwakasiyana-siyana uye, naizvozvo, zvakanaka chinokunda kunzwisisa dambudziko nguva. Shoma maindasitiri zvinopa yakatsiga kukura munyika, vari:

- petrochemical indasitiri, anomiririrwa zvikuru zvigayo, "Bashneft", neftehimzavod Sterlitamak, Bashkir Inoue Company;

- zvokuimba engineering simbi, kusanganisira Trolleybus Plant Neftemash, Kumertau vendege, mugadziri zvose-Nzvimbo motokari "Vityaz" Neftekamsk motokari;

- simba indasitiri;

- mukugadzira indasitiri.

Zvikuru kuti upfumi nharaunda iri zvokurima, Bashkir vanhuwo zvavo vakabudirira kuita mhuka minda uye chirimwa kurimwa.

Nharaunda kwakasimbiswa zvakanaka zvokutengeserana uye basa bhora, izvo isakarurama chinobata dzakaderera mari (2016), muna Bashkiria, asi achiri mamiriro ezvinhu munyika zviri nani zvikuru pane zviri subsidized munharaunda.

basa

Kazhinji, vanhu vose Bashkiria ari nani ezvoupfumi kupfuura vanhu dzimwe nharaunda dzakawanda. Zvisinei, muna 2016 imomo hwakanyorwa kuwedzera kwemabasa, kwemwedzi matanhatu akasimuka ne 11% zvichienzaniswa rapera gore. Uyewo akaona kuderera wezvokutengeserana uye nevatengi misangano, zvinoderedza inotambirwa uye mari chaidzo. Izvi zvose zvinotungamirira inotevera kumativi kwemabasa. First kuuya pasi kurwiswa duku nyanzvi uye kudzidza vasina basa ruzivo. Izvi zvinotungamirira ndechokuti water drainage ouduku rinotanga uye mudonzvo anokwanisa kubva nharaunda.

nharaunda yacho kwezvivako

Nokuti chero nharaunda inokosha munzanga kwezvivako, izvo anobvumira vagari kuti tigutsikane kurarama imwe nzvimbo. Vagari Bashkortostan nokuda 2016 zvikuru vaikoshesa zvinhu zvoupenyu mudunhu. In Bashkortostan, yakawanda nesimba uye mari iri paakapiwa rokugadzirisa uye kuvakwa migwagwa, mabhiriji, utano zvivako. dzichiri senga uye toerisme kwezvivako munyika. Asi, chokwadi, pane matambudziko, kunyanya pamwe urongwa dzidzo netsika masangano. Nharaunda ine matambudziko zvakajeka pamwe zvakatipoteredza, vakawanda kugadzira emakambani vane inokanganisa kuchena mvura uye mhepo munharaunda mumaguta makuru. Zvisinei, kwezvivako guta racho riri nani yakatanga pane kumaruwa, runoita kuti vawane water drainage pamusoro vokumaruwa kumaguta.

The wevanotungamirira zvechadenga VOKUPARIDZIRA

Wevanotungamirira zviratidzi Bashkortostan zvakanaka zvakasiyana kumatunhu akawanda munyika. Saka, kuberekwa mwero munyika zvishoma, asi rinokura apfuura makore 10 (kunze raiva 2011 apo paiva kuderera ane 0.3% chete). Asi, zvinosuruvarisa uye mwero wokufa kwevanhu kuri kukura mumakore achangopfuura, kunyange panguva nomumugwagwa kwaitora nguva kumhanya kupfuura pakuberekwa unodiwa. Naizvozvo, vanhu Bashkiria anoratidza duku dzinongoitika ichiwanda, zvisina zvakafanana nokuti nyika yose.