Chii chaiva basa chindingindingi ari Russian upfumi? Natural uye mamiriro chindingindingi

Munyika yanhasi pane zvakasiyana-siyana musika ezvinhu. Izvi zvinoratidza Kusakwana ezvinhu rose. Monopolistic chinoumba anoonekwa sezvo mhosva zvakadai ezvinhu. The Hurongwa, iyo, kana kuti mutengesi kana mutengi kuvimba nemano ayo kuchinja izvozvo, haana kukwana. Ngatikurukurei mberi basa reDare chindingindingi ari Russian upfumi.

tsananguro

Chindingindingi ari pamusika upfumi anoonekwa kuti chinodiwa mamiriro nokuti mugadziri / entrepreneur. Izvi imhaka yokuti mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, kambani anogona kudzivisa matambudziko akawanda uye kudzivirira ngozi. Perfect makwikwi uye chindingindingi ari upfumi hahugoni kuvapo panguva imwe chete.

The kambani, kuisa mitengo unilaterally, kukanganisa okutengesa vhoriyamu inowana kumusoro purofiti. Nezviito izvi, rinokutadzisa makwikwi zvimwe zvigadzirwa. In basa akadaro haagoni kupinda dzimwe vagadziri. Zvisinei, pane zvokutengeserana platforms, apo makwikwi ndiyo chisingadiwi kwete chete asiwo hazviiti. Izvi imhaka yokuti kuvapo mamwe vanowatengesa kwaizounza vawedzere mari.

kupatsanura

Zvinotevera mhando nevhu rakawandisa vari upfumi:

1. Open - ndiwo mamiriro ezvinhu apo pane chitsva ano, asi asati Akaongorora zvose.
2. State - akaumba pamutemo. Izvi zvinoreva kuti pane mutemo ayo pakutsvaga simba muganhu, mabasa makambani akadaro, uye zvichingodaro.
3. Natural - Ichi nezvevashumiri kusangana vade pasina zvinobudirira kukwikwidzana tichifunga kwesayenzi chaizvo okuwana. Panguva iyoyowo nekanzuru vanotongwa nenhumbi hazvigoni kutsiviwa nedzimwe zvigadzirwa. Saka, zviri kudiwa zvibereko zvakasikwa nevhu rakawandisa, kuti muduku kuchaita kuvimba zvachinja mutengo wawo.

Funga rokupedzisira zvizere.

Natural nevhu rakawandisa ari Russian upfumi: zvayakanakira

mabhizimisi kwakadaro vanoonekwa ne yakakwirira zvazvinoita yakaderera mukugadzira mari. Panyaya iyi, mabikirwo uye chigadzirwa haana zvinotsiva. In ezvinhu akadaro, kuvapo makwikwi kwaizova kukodzera, sezvo kurayira anogutswa kuti nhumbi randakapiwa anotambura. The Enterprise pacharo, Chokwadi, anowana rakakura purofiti. With Panyaya zvakanakira akaitwa zvakadaro, zvinoita kucherechedza zvinotevera pfungwa:

1. Mukana maximize kubata kugadzirwa akamboona. Izvi zvinobatsira kuderedza humwechete chairema chigadzirwa kanda.
2. Chekuunganidza kuchikosha uwandu mari. Izvi zvinoita kuti tikwanise kuramba kugadzirwa zvivako panguva yakakodzera chechetere.
3. Mukana kutevera yunifomu mitemo akagadzirirwa zvinhu uye mabasa.
4. Kuwanikwa nzira musika sangano. Inogona kutsiva intra vakuru contractual ukama. Izvi zvinoderedza Nokurasikirwa chokuita nechokwadi uye ngozi.
5. Mukana kudzidzisa nebudiriro NTP.

kutadza

All nemhando nevhu rakawandisa vari upfumi vane hwakakwana nemikana. Zvisinei, havasi akanaka nguva dzose. Somuenzaniso, kukwanisa kuti vaunze padanho pakutengeswa mutengo, vamwe makambani dzinofamba chinokosha chikamu mari kusvika kwokupedzisira mutengi. The yokupedzisira, akavapindurawo, usingabviri anewo neizvi zvainoita mugadziri. Chindingindingi anokwanisa kutonhora muzvigadzirwa mberi. Sezvo bedzi mugadziri, kambani anokwanisa kuderedza mari Akaroromesawo risanyatsobuda uye mabasa. Kana nzira pamusika zvenhengo ari chindingindingi ane mukana kutora chimiro udzvinyiriri.

Vachitaura

Monopolistic chimiro dzisingapindirani zvakakwana. Inonanga kusarudza chii rikunde - plus kana kubvisa, zvakaoma zvikuru. Zvisinei, boka hapasi kuvapo isingavimbiki ezvinhu akadaro, ari novimba monopolists. Negative zvinhu ezvinhu akadaro hazvisi Kwakabvisa aivapo zvigadziriswe. Muchiitiko chino, hazvishandi musika nzira upfumi yavaive. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, kupfuura vakarongeka goho kuti chengetedza dzinongoitika chindingindingi. Zvinofanira kuitwa pamusoro simba pamiviri.

ukoshi

Natural nevhu rakawandisa zvinopa vatengi anokosha nezvinhu: gasi, magetsi, mvura, zvekufambisa, etc. With zvakakodzera uye chikwata mabasa akaitwa izvi chichagadzirirwa zvakanaka mamiriro upenyu vanhu .. Zvinofanira kuzivikanwa pfungwa kushandiswa kupfuma. emakambani aya kubatsira kuderedza munyika zvekushandisa. Zvisinei, pasinei zvakwakanakira zvinhu, kuti ndiye anofanira kuva pasi pehurumende achidzora. chengetedzo kwakadaro kunotadzisa kubva udzvinyiriri munhau Pricing. Hazvizivikanwi Kugadzirwa nevhu rakawandisa anozvigona Ongorora upfumi huri mamiriro. With simba miti, havakwanisi kupa vanhu vane zvinodiwa zvinoreva unogona kutaura pamusoro kusagadzikana yose munyika zvoupfumi.

kukura kwebasa

Nzvimbo kufurirwa nevhu rakawandisa vari kugara zvitange. munzvimbo idzi anogona vanodzokera kana wokura, vangave zvachose kubviswa. Movement hunotsamira siyana zvinokonzera pamusoro. Chinonyanya kukosha ndechokuti mamiriro zvinhu. Uyewo chinokosha uye kudiwa zvigadzirwa. Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, zviri zvikuru nokukurumidza uye zvakakodzera basa nokuongorora nekushandura nevhu rakawandisa.

zvemumba Enterprises

MuRussia, pane zvakasiyana-siyana makambani, kuita sezvo chete nokutengesa kana mugadziri. Yakakurumbira zvinosanganisira "Gazprom", Rao "UES" uye IPU. Pane dzimwe nevhu rakawandisa ari Russian upfumi, akafanana pamusoro. Somuenzaniso, kambani "Transneft", "mari Bank" uye vamwe. Rao "UES", "Gazprom" uye ushumiri Railways ndivo chinokosha chezvinonhuwira upfumi munyika. Vose vanomirira maonero ehurumende chindingindingi. Kunyange pakati pavo pamutemo, "Gazprom" riri kuonekwa paruzhinji kambani. Hurumende ane 38% rokutambudzikira kambani. Zvisinei, chokwadi ichi kambani anoita sechinhu chinokosha nevoruzhinji zvekutepfenyura.

Chii chaiva basa chindingindingi ari Russian upfumi?

Chokutanga, havana kubatsira nyika GDP. Kana isu kutaura pamusoro makambani matatu - "Gazprom", Rao "UES" uye IPU, ipapo pamwe chete inopa 13.5% kubva GDP. Tichitarisa basa reDare chindingindingi muna reRussia upfumi, tisingatauri chitsama mubhizimisi, vanoumba 20.6%, Tingawaneiko - 16.2% uye mutero zveminda - 18.6%. Of Kunyanya kukosha pakugadzirwa zviratidzo izvi ibasa "Gazprom". Musi Enterprise vanenge 300 zviuru. Vashandi. Muchiitiko chino, mitero uye purofiti kubva anogamuchira kaviri sezvo mamwe mapoka maviri kumusoro-kutaurwa. Maererano vanoongorora, kwakadaro goho inotengwa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, nokuda yepanyama rendi, kusvika pamwero kurerutswa nokuda kwakaderedza mutengo negasi mukati munyika.

Kana kuwedzera zvebhizimisi kukosha 3 kakapetwa dzinokwana "Gazprom" tainge mutengo kwaizova muna 2000, anenge 1 tiririyoni rubles. Izvi nekaviri yakashuma nhamba. Profit angadai yairema anenge mabhiriyoni 300-350 rubles. pamwe rendi 70%. Zvino yokupedzisira iri vakaparadzira pachishandiswa kwakaderedza mitengo dzimwe sectors. Somuenzaniso, zvinonzi mari nemagetsi. upfumi izvi kuchaita kuti tirambe riwanikwe nevoruzhinji mitengo kuti kupisa uye simba. Nokuda turnover kuti "Gazprom" yakaramba kugadzikana mari utilities. Panguva iyoyowo pa- kwakaderedza azvipire pensions uye mari zviri pachena kwemauto vashandi, iyo kunonatsiridza Kusiyanisa kwevanhu kuburikidza mari.

Achitaura nezvebasa airidza chindingindingi ari Russian upfumi, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa yavanopedza mapurogiramu mari yokutsigira maindasitiri emakambani, uyewo mapoka.

kugadzikana oparesheni

Russian chindingindingi - yakagadzikana bhizimisi. Havanyanyi kukanganiswa nevamwe nematambudziko. Saka, muna 1990-1997. donhwe Magetsi kugadzirwa raiva 25% ine kunopindirana rutapudzo ari indasitiri kweinopfuura 50%. Domestic chindingindingi kwete muduku tichitarisa yose rwehofori. "Gazprom" Somuenzaniso, riri pakati vatungamiri tichitaura purofiti. kambani iyi - chete munyika kuti anogona kukwikwidzana pachigaro musika dzakawanda nevamwe hofori.

Budget zveminda

Kubva nevhu rakawandisa anouya yakawanda mutero mari. Mumwe "Gazprom" anopa 25%. Nokudaro rwezvemabhengi deducts 4% yose inowanwa. Pamwe izvi, mune tsika, anotambura pasina murau vava zvikuru mutero payers. Kana isu funga kuti mashandiro avo chaiwo ari zvishoma kudarika mamwe makambani, chokwadi neotchisleniya dzinounzwa ari bhajeti haagoni takarurama pamberi mutengi chikwereti.

mutengo pamwero

Natural nevhu rakawandisa vanoonekwa zatratoobrazuyuschimi Enterprises. Panyaya iyi, pachiyero tariffs, uye mitengo mabasa atinopiwa navo uye zvigadzirwa sei zvinonyatsorehwa unongotaura. Mitengo munyika inozivikanwa kunyanya "unoparadza" zvisikwa. Kazhinji akafanirwa kuti kuonga mari. About 15-20% kuti mitengo kukonzerwa kuwedzera mari rive. Rise mutengo mari mu zvakunoita izvozvo zvikurukuru zvisina kunanga. Kuwedzera mari kunoita kuti munhu kushaya mari, izvo zvinodiwa kubereka. Kuti nekure yomuka dhefisiti richisimuka mitengo. The nokukurumidza kukura, kurudyi rimwe, chinokurwadzai chinosimbisa vasiri kubhadhara. Zvisinei, pane dzimwe - anotambura kuzadzikisa inokosha munzanga ushande. Ivo kupa kupisa, gasi, magetsi.