Homologs - simba, wokupedzisira nzira siyana

In yokutanga yezana XIX remakore kubudikidza German masayendisiti E.Gekkelem uye F. Müller zvakakomba embryological uye kuenzaniswa anatomical zveBhaibheri rwaiitwa, zvichiita kuti pakusikwa biogenetic mutemo, uye kukura pfungwa pamusoro ringanidzo, homologies, zvokuvamba uye atavism. Nyaya ino rakazvipira kudzidza kwakadaro boka zvipenyu ine homologues miviri. Zvinonzi rinoparadzirwa muna chirimwa uye mhuka nyika zvinhu vane nhengo dzomuviri vane zvakafanana mavambo uye hurongwa zvinowanzovapo mamiriro, kunyange kunze anogona siyana zvikuru. Chii chakaita kuti chitarisiko chavo?

zvinokonzera

Shanduka pezvakaitwa zvichiitika nevanhu zvipenyu uye ndiwo musimboti microevolution. The chidzoke pakubhadhara itsva zvibvire nokuda kuunganidza mune zvinenge zvose zvakasiyana zvikuru, zvichiita zvose nechivako dzavo uye ushande. The kwacho kunoita kuti zvakatosiyana pamusoro morphological uye anatomical zvinhu kuonekwa kufanana muviri apindura kuchinja zvezvakatipoteredza zvinhu, inonzi siyana. Homologues - chikamu muviri vanhu vave pasi dzinongoitika selection, uye kuumbwa somugumisiro kuchinjira kumamiriro zvakavapoteredza. Ivo vakadzidza zvizere mukufamba zvemhuka. Ngationgororei navo zvizere.

Zvakakurukurwa sechivako mhuka vertebrate

The forelimbs pakati mhuka ine mapfupa chete: kuti humerus, ulna, TOUR, carpal, metacarpal uye phalanges. Asi dzakasiyana-siyana zvezvakatipoteredza ezvinhu pamusoro evolyuchii vakaisa rinodhindira sezvo rudzi skeletal forelimb uye yawo ushande. Zvakakwana enzanisa chakaita, chimiro uye kukura nhengo dzomuviri Somuenzaniso, imwe twiza, mumwe Tsoko kana nhuta. Kuti kusiyana uku kunoita ndiyo hwaro chimiro mitumbi zvakadai homologues. Izvi kunosimbiswa okufananidza anatomical zveBhaibheri kwete chete pakati akasiyana zvemhuka, asi nyika zvinomera. Ngationgororei navo inotevera ndima.

Dikidiki vegetative nhengo

Panguva ontogeny of nemiti nyika kwete chete kuwana zvitsva features, asiwo yokugadziridza nhengo dzomuviri wako. In bhotani, kutanga inonzi dikidiki vegetative zvikamu, uye anoonekwa somunhu mudziyo iyo kuzomukazve mukufamba phylogeny. Watch zvinogonawo vamiririri weDhipatimendi maruva zvinomera. Vane ichi inotungamirira kuti chidzoke pezvivako zvakadai homologs. Izvi zvinoonekwa muchimiro adaptive siyana kuti dzezvakatipoteredza zvinhu. Zvinozivikanwa kuti midzi mbeu zvose zvinomera kuva kubva embryo midzi iri kuronga chete, uye anoita mukuru nokuda ose mashandiro: Kuda kutamba muvhu, rutsigiro, yakayamwa uye akatakura nemvura chicherwa mhinduro. Zvisinei, mashoko kwokunze pakuonekwa midzi anogona siyana zvikuru, kana pavanotanga kuita chaizvo mabasa. Somuenzaniso, homologous vari stilted midzi pandanus, inokura munyika dzinopisa anezvimiti.

Havaregi rezasi chikamu hunde kuti sika mumvura, yokudzidzivirira kubva kuorera mazviri. Orchids zvemuchadenga Midzi homologous pevhu zvomukati - vari munyaya dzokubudisa yakawedzerwa zvemaBhaibheri mhepo kuti chinofema zvinomera. Shumirai sezvo gungwa kuunganidza starch nezvimwe Organic yeimwe, mudzi bhiti uye twakadai, Jerusarema artichoke uye Dahlia korneklubni. All okunatsiridza izvi - homologues. bhayoroji ichi Anoti zvakarurama, nokuti inoenderana pamwe chete uye musimboti mukuru pevhu nemamiriro muviri - mudzi.

Homology mumuviri womunhu

Vamiririri vekirasi vertebrates, izvo zvinosanganisira Homo sapiens, vane chete urongwa nemamiriro locomotor ezvinhu, kunyanya, ari axial chikamu - yacho nomuzongoza.

Asi munhu ane imwe yakabuda somunhu kuchinjira kumamiriro vachifamba wakarurama, somuenzaniso, ari chimiro nomuzongoza afanane tsamba Latin S. Uyezve, muna marangwanda rokumusoro muzvidimbu zvinosanganisira chete mapfupa, sapamazuva mhuka, phalanx pamusoro thumbs inoshora vamwe minwe mina kuti ndicho mugumisiro kukwanisa kushanda kushandiswa. Homologues zvose mienzaniso iyi vavapo mu nedanho anthropogenesis.