Graphene uye kushandiswa kwayo. Kuwanikwa graphene. Nanotechnology munyika yanhasi

Tichishandisa ichangopfuura mu Science and Technology ari nzvimbo itsva, inonzi Nanotechnology. Vangangoramba chirango ichi hachisi chete yakakura. Vane chinzvimbo. The PARTICIPLE, anotaurwa so "Nano" ndiyo kukosha zvakaenzana imwe duku chokupisa chikamu chipi ukoshi. hukuru izvi zvinogona chete kuenzaniswa kukura maatomu uye mamorekuru. Somuenzaniso, imwe nanometer inonzi imwe-duku chokupisa imwe mita.

The chikuru mirayiridzo idzva munda sayenzi

Nanotechnology akadana avo kuti konzera nyaya nenhanho mamorekuru uye maatomu. Naizvozvo, nzvimbo iyi sayenzi Anonziwo samolecular rwokugadzira. Chii chaiva nhangaruvanze nokuda kwayo kukura? Nanotechnology munyika yanhasi dzakabuda kunokwana hurukuro Richarda Feynmana. Mairi musayendisiti yakaratidza kuti hapana vhiringidza kusikwa zvinhu zvakananga kubva maatomu.

Zvinoreva kuti zvinobudirira zvitinakire nezvimedu duku rinonzi assembler. Ichi samolecular nanomachine, izvo zvinogona kushandiswa kuvaka chero chivako. Somuenzaniso, kuti assembler anganzi dzinongoitika ribosome synthesizing ane puroteni mu zvipenyu.

Nanotechnology munyika ano havasi chete kunharaunda unyanzvi. Dzinomirira akasiyana zvezvinotaurwa tsvakurudzo chokuita sayenzi dzakawanda inokosha zvakananga. Pakati pavo vane wefizikisi, kemisitiri uye zvipenyu. Maererano masayendisiti, sayenzi izvi achava simba kupfuura riwedzere kuti kukura pamusoro colour kuuya Nanotech chimurenga.

zvoupenyu chikumbiro

Nyora zvose mabhora dzevanhu basa, apo Nanotechnology unoshandiswa nhasi, hazvibviri nokuti ndainakidzwa chaizvo pasi. Saka, vachibatsirwa munda uyu sayenzi anobudiswa:

- mano kuti superdense kurekodha chero ruzivo;
- siyana midziyo;
- sensors, masero zuva, semiconductor transistors;
- ruzivo, kadambari uye ruzivo rwokugadzira;
- nanoimprint uye nanolithography;
- mano kuchengeta simba, uye peturu masero;
- kudzivirira, nzvimbo uye avhiyesheni zvikumbiro;
- bioinstrumentary.

On ichi dzesayenzi munda Nanotechnology kuRussia, USA, Japan uye nyika dzakawanda dzokuEurope mamwe mari iri dzinounzwa rimwe gore. Izvi imhaka yakakura tarisiro kuti kukura bhora ichi kutsvakurudza.

Nanotechnology riri kuwedzera Russia maererano Federal chipfuro chirongwa, izvo chinopa kwete chete chikuru mari mari, asi kutakura yakawanda zvakagadzirwa uye tsvakurudzo mabasa. Kuti vabudirire pazvinangwa kuenda kubatanidza zvaiitwa siyana dzesayenzi uye kwesayenzi enyika pachiyero Makambani National uye nemakambani.

zvinhu zvitsva

Nanotechnology zvakaita masayendisiti kubudisa kabhoni ndiro kupfuura nedhaimani ane ukobvu imwe chete atomu. Inoitwa graphene. Ndicho thinnest uye akasimba zvinhu zvose, izvo transmits magetsi nani pane nesilicon kombiyuta Chips.

Kuwanikwa graphene ariko echimurenga chiitiko, izvo zvichaita kuti vachinje zvikuru muupenyu hwedu. Izvi zvinhu zvakadaro akasiyana panyama ehupfumi kuti vangasimudzira anochinja munhu hunhu zvinhu uye zvinhu.

History yakawanikwa

Graphene ari maviri-dimensional sekristaro. Chimiro Its chinhu hexagonal yekamuri zvinosanganisira kabhoni maatomu. Zvidzidzo yokungotaura pamusoro graphene rakatanga refu asati kuwana mazano ake chaiye, sezvo izvi zvinhu ndiyo hwaro rokuvaka-dimensional matatu graphite sekristaro.

Kunyange muna 1947 G. P. Volles ane zvimwe zvivako zviri graphene, achiratidza kuti chimiro yaro nesimbi zvakafanana, uye zvimwe zvinoratidza zvakafanana vaya Ultra-relativistic nezvimedu, neutrinos uye massless photons. Zvisinei, mashoko acho itsva pane zvimwe zvinokosha kusiyana kuti zvinoita nevamwe pezvawakaita. Asi simbiso Zvakawanikwa izvi rwaiwanikwa chete muna 2004, apo Konstantin Novoselov uye Andrey Geim yakatanga kuwanikwa carbon iri vakasununguka mamiriro. fuma mutsva uyu unonzi graphene, uye aiva zvikuru zvakawanikwa masayendisiti. Find chinhu ichi kunogona kuva penzura. graphite shamhu Its inoumbwa vakawanda akaturikidzana ose graphene. Sei penzura kunosiya chiratidzo papepa? Chokwadi ndechokuti, pasinei nesimba chinoumba zvinoumba pakati akaturikidzana, pane simba zvikuru kubatana pakati pavo. Ndivo nyore chaizvo kuwira neVadzidzi bepa, muhwezva yakanyorwa.

Kushandisa zvinhu zvitsva

Maererano masayendisiti, ivo sensors kuti dzinobva graphene, kukwanisa kuongorora simba uye mamiriro ezvinhu ndege, uyewo kufembera kwenyika. Asi chete kana zvinhu pamwe ehupfumi zvakadaro achasiya hunoshamisa rusvingo mumarabhoritari kuva pachena kushanda pachava nenzira nefuma. Panguva ino zuva, mishonga, yefizikisi uye nemagetsi mainjiniya vatova vanofarira yakasiyana nezvaanogona ose graphene. Pashure magiramu mashomanana nefuma zvinogona kufukidzwa ndima, akaenzana chitambe munda.

Graphene uye chikumbiro chacho vanokwanisa munyaya kugadzira lightweight satellites uye ndege. Munharaunda iyi, mashoko matsva anogona kutsiva kabhoni fibers ari kumiririra zvinhu. Nanomaterials angashandiswa pachinzvimbo nesilicon transistors uye Implementation raro mupurasitiki kuzvipa magetsi conductivity.

Graphene uye kushandiswa kwayo vanoonekwa panyaya Switch gadzira. mano aya yakaumbwa pachishandiswa azvino zvinhu achakwanisa kuona Morekuru kupfuura nengozi. Asi kushandisa Nano-Nezvakakuyiwa kweShanduro dzemagetsi mabhatiri dzimwe nguva kuti kubudirira kwavo.

Graphene uye chikumbiro chacho dzinokurukurwa optoelectronics. Emashoko itsva zvichaita lightweight chaizvo uye rakasimba mapurasitiki iyo midziyo kuchaita kwemavhiki mashoma kuchengeta zvokudya zvinyoro.

Kushandiswa graphene uye iri kutarisirwa kugadzira munhu segirazi conductive unhani inodiwa monitors, rezuva ukomba uye simba uye zvakawanda nemishonga zvemaziso zvinokonzerwa mhepo turbines.

Based nanomaterial achava nani michina mitambo, zvokurapa anodyara uye supercapacitors.

Uyewo, graphene uye chikumbiro chacho kuhupenyu:

- mukuru-kakawanda mukuru-simba zvemagetsi;
- chakagadzirwa Kamudzira kupatsanura maviri mvura iri tangi;
- kuvandudza conductivity ehupfumi dzakasiyana-siyana nezvinhu;
- kutanga kuratidzira pamusoro makemikari chiedza emitting diode;
- wakakurumidza Kugadzirwa unyanzvi itsva DNA sequencing;
- uvandudze emura sekristaro kuratidzirana;
- ballistic transistors.

Kushandiswa ari Automotive indasitiri

Maererano nevaongorori, chaiyo simba anosvika graphene 65 kWh / makirogiramu. Nhamba iyi ndiyo 47 nguva kupfuura munhu zviri nevakawanda mazuva ano lithium-Ion mabhatiri. chokwadi ichi, masayendisiti akashandisa kusika rudzi rutsva bhatiri ndiro.

Graphene polymer bhatiri - mudziyo hwaishandiswa kufadza Magetsi zvakanaka zvabatwa. Iye zvino, basa iri riri kuitwa vaongorori munyika dzakawanda. Zvinokosha mberi yakawana masayendisiti Spanish panyaya iyi. Graphene-polymer bhatiri, ivo akasika ane simba rakawanda, kakawanda kupfuura yakafanana mufananidzo huripo mabhatiri. Vanoishandisa kushongedzera motokari yemagetsi. The muchina, iyo ndakagadza graphene bhatiri, anogona kufamba pasina kumbomira zviuru makiromita. Kuti recharge yemagetsi simba panobva apo kuneta vachada hapana kupfuura 8 maminitsi.

touchscreens

Masayendisiti kuramba kuongorora graphene, kusika itsva uye yaikurumidza kuuraya zvisina kumboitika zvinhu. Saka, carbon nanomaterial awana kushandisirwa mukurima inobereka kubatwa sefa pamwe rakafara sikirini. Izwi kuonekwe uye kusanduka umhare ichi mhando.

Masayendisiti une graphene jira iri rectangular mu chimiro uye akafunga kuita chimwe segirazi electrode. Iyewo muchirongwa basa kubata chidzitiro, achidzikisa zvikuru mukurumari, pachena, mukana wokushandiswa, kwezvakatipoteredza ushamwari uye vakaderera mutengo.

kuwana graphene

Kubvira 2004, apo kwakazarurwa Newest nanomaterials, masayendisiti nyanzvi dzinoverengeka nzira kuti gadziriro yayo. Zvisinei, chinonyanya inokosha nzira idzi:

- zvokuimba exfoliation;
- epitaxial kukura Vacuum;
- kutonhora perofaznogo namakemikari (CVD-muitiro).

Chokutanga izvi nzira nhatu unonyanya nyore. graphene Kugadzirwa pamwe zvokuimba exfoliation chinokosha kushandiswa graphite kuti namira pose namira tepi. Pashure nheyo ichi, semucheka pabepa, kutanga kufonyora uye unbend, mekuparadzanisa achida zvinhu. Kana kushandisa ichi nzira graphene vawane chemhando yepamusoro. Zvisinei, zviito zvakadaro hazvisi akakodzera vakawanda kugadzirwa nanomaterials.

Kana tichishandisa nzira epitaxial kukura dzakatetepa nesilicon zvitete kushandiswa, pose rukoko inova nesilicon carbide. Uyezve, mashoko aya ari neshungu nenguva refu kwazvo tembiricha (1000 K). Somugumisiro nemakemikari anosiiwa ari nesilicon emaatomu ezvinhu kabhoni maatomu, okutanga vaporize. Somugumisiro, nhoroondo anoramba akachena graphene. Zvakaipira nzira iri kudiwa kushandisa yakakwirira kwazvo kutonhora, izvo zvinogona kuitika panguva combustion kuti kabhoni maatomu.

Chakavimbika kupfuura uye nyore nzira yaishandiswa vakawanda kugadzirwa graphene, mumwe CVD-muitiro. It is nzira umo makemikari maitiro pakati simbi-zvemapuranga tiwedzere uye yeHydrocarbon magasi.

Unobereka graphene?

Pari, chikuru kambani, kunobereka nanomaterial itsva iri mu China. Zita mugadziri - Ningbo Morsh Technology. graphene Kugadzirwa vakatanga muna 2012.

The chikuru nevatengi pamusoro nanomaterial iri kambani Shangai Morsh Technology. Graphene kurishandisa kuti pagadzirwe conductive segirazi mafirimu, izvo akaiswa munzvimbo touchscreen kuratidza.

Tichishandisa yapfuura, inozivikanwa kambani Nokia akapa bvumidzwa pamusoro mufananidzo Switch. Sechikamu ichi zvikuru-zvinodiwa ari akaturikidzana mashomanana graphene Manyiminya chiridzwa maatomu akafanana. Akadaro zvinhu zvaishandiswa sensors pamusoro makamera kunowedzera zvikuru nehanya kwavo (kusvikira 1000 times). Panguva iyoyo vakachengeta zvinoderedza magetsi rinodyiwa. kamera Good nokuti smartphone kuchaita dzinewo graphene.

Preparation ane wechipfuwo kwezvakatipoteredza,

Zvinoita kuti kubereka graphene kumba? Zvakaratidza, hungu! Imi chete vanofanira kutora kicheni blender inokwana kwete asingasviki 400 W, uye kutevedzera nzira yakataurwa wokuIreland yefizikisi.

Sei kubereka graphene kumba? Nokuda kwaizvozvi blender mukombe dzakadururwa 500 ml mvura nokuwedzera 10-25 ml chero emura sipo uye 20-50 magiramu ose yakapwanyika pabhodhi. Uyezve mudziyo anofanira vanomhanya kubva maminitsi 10 kusvika hafu yeawa, kusvikira pakuonekwa munhu slurry ose graphene flakes. The zvichiguma zvinhu achava mukuru conductivity raizoita kushandiswa kwayo muna electrodes masero kwezuva. Graphene anogona kuvandudza ehupfumi kuti mapurasitiki anogadzirwa mudzimba zvakatipoteredza.

oxide nanomaterial

Masayendisiti zvinoshingaira tsvakurudza uye graphene mamiriro zvokuti mukati kana pamusoro yehombodo carbon pajira riya wanamatira kana okisijeni tubhokisi dzichipfekeka mapoka (s) ari Morekuru. Ichi chakasimba Nano-oxide chiri vokutanga vaviri-dimensional mifananidzo, izvo zvasvika padariro zvebhizimisi kugadzirwa. From nano- uye microparticles mamiriro aya masayendisiti sendimita ivhu akabudiswa.

Nokudaro, graphene oxide akabatana kabhoni diofilizirovannym achangoroorwa yaunganidzwa Chinese masayendisiti. Uyu lightweight chaizvo zvinhu sendimita kuutio rinoitwa pamusoro petals duku ruva. Asi fuma mutsva uyu, umo graphene oxide ndechimwe chezvinhu hwakasimba munyika.

anorapa achishandisa mitemo mafomu

Graphene oxide ane yakasiyana midziyo selectivity. Izvi achabvumira fuma kuwana anorapa achishandisa mitemo kushanda. Saka, nemhaka basa remasayendisiti zvaiita kushandisa graphene oxide nokuda nechirwere kenza. Wanikidza kenza achiri padanho ayo budiriro kubvumira akasiyana Manyiminya uye nemagetsi zvivako zviri nanomaterial.

Uyewo graphene oxide achibvumira Vanosarudzwa chokuendesa zvinodhaka uye Diagnostics. Pahwaro uyu zvinhu zviri sorption biosensors, achinongedza morekuru reDNA.

maindasitiri mafomu

sorbents Various inobva graphene oxide anogona kushandiswa utachiona dezaktsivatsii dzinongoitika uye dzinokonzerwa nevanhu zvinhu. A cheka ose vanoshingaira nanomaterial anogona kubata pasi uye mvura, ivhu uye pakuzvibvisa kubva radionuclide.

Filters kubva graphene oxide anogona kupa superchistotoy kwakavakirwa, hunokonzera yemagetsi zvinoriumba chaiwo mafomu. The yakasiyana ehupfumi iri richakubatsira pinda munzvimbo yakanaka namakemikari bhora michina. Zvikurukuru, izvi zvingave dzokubudisa pamusoro radioactive dzakapfirirwa uye isingawanzowanikwi simbi. Saka, kushandiswa graphene oxide achibvumira dzokubvisa goridhe kubva pasi-mugiredhi ores.