Gabriel mañana: Biography uye pikicha

Pakati nevafungi vakasiya ane zvakakanganwika pakudzidza kukura vanhu, nzvimbo inokosha inogarwa musayendisiti French Gabriel mañana, Biography uye tsvakurudzo mabasa izvo zvinoumba hwaro ino. Pfungwa dzakawanda pana kwezana XIX uye XX emakore, havana kurasa kushanda kwavo nhasi.

Kubva wechechi yeRoma chikoro kune Sorbonne

Jean Gabriel mañana akaberekwa March 12, 1843 mutaundi Sarlat, riri zasi-kumadokero kweFrance, pedyo neBordeaux. Fate akaita zvose kutungamirira upenyu hwake ramangwana munzira pamutemo: baba vomukomana semupi mutongi, uye mai vake vaibva mhuri inozivikanwa magweta, shongedza mazita avo loudest pezvakaitwa panguva iyoyo.

dzidzo yavo muduku Gabriel akatanga pachikoro, muridzi yeRoma Revashumiri vaJesuit, izvo chaizvo zvinoenderana munzanga nevabereki vake. Ndapedza kubva muna 1860 aine Bachelor of Arts dhigirii, aida mune ramangwana kupa sayenzi zvekushandisa zvinodiwa, asi mamiriro ezvinhu akanga zvokuti nyaya yake kudzidza kwaiva mutemo. Classes akatanga yekwake, Gabriel mañana akapedza makore avo matanhatu masvingo yakakurumbira Paris Sorbonne.

Scientific tsvakurudzo guta mutongi

Kumba munhu vanopupurirwa gweta, jaya akaramba tsika mhuri. Zvaakanga zvakatanga muna 1867 sechinhu mubatsiri mutongi uye zvishoma nezvishoma chichifamba kukwira upward, ndiwo makore manomwe gare gare akava zvachose mutongi nomutauro wake muguta Sarlat, kuva saizvozvo, chinzvimbo yaimbova dzaidzidziswa baba vake. In vanokwanisa ichi akashanda kwemakore makumi maviri mañana.

Zvisinei, kushandisa nayo hakungoitwi chete nyaya pamusoro jurisprudence. More Gabriel mañana paUniversity akafarirawo kwemhosva uye mhosva anthropology - sayenzi kuti vanodzidza mupfungwa, vasiri uye anthropological zvinoitwa vachipara mhosva.

Makirasi kwemhosva, wakabudisa kubwinya yokutanga

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti yechipiri yezana XIX remakore, kwemhosva, yakagadzirirwa kudzidza zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana kwokudarika, dzakadai ezvinhu uye zvikonzero vakanga vakazvipira, nzira uye nzira kudzivirira, asi, zvakakosha, munhu wacho matsotsi pachavo, akatambira rinokosha chiitiko muFrance. Zvaiva imomo kuti yakaonekwa rokuti "kwemhosva", vakapinda muupenyu nyanzvi-ANODZIDZA Paul Topinardom.

Uchibata matambudziko aya ari kudzika, avo vawana mañana akatanga kubudisa magazini zvesainzi, uye kana muna 1887 akasikwa Sarlat Archive mhosva anthropology, akava ayo co-wokuimba. Mune ramangwana, mabasa dzesayenzi Gabrielya Tarda yakatanga kubudiswa muna akaparadzana Shanduro, nokusika iye Mukurumbira kure miganhu France.

Kuedza kuziva "chokuziva matsotsi"

Amise mashomanana ari basa rake sangano iri, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti faira ari tsotsi anthropology akasikwa zvikuru nemhaka kukurumbira pakupera ari XIX remakore vari kuferefeta zviri musayendisiti wokuItaly uye kwemhosva Cesare Lombroso.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti zvakawanika ake imwe wokutanga kushandisa nzira anthropological nokuyerwa skulls vemhosva, kuedza kuratidza kuti vane zviratidzo akakodzera kunogona mwero mukana yakakwana anoratidza kubatwa munhu kuti mabasa zvisiri pamutemo. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, aiedza kuziva anatomic mhando "chokuziva matsotsi."

Nokuti chinangwa ichi, uye akasikwa Sarlat chaiyo arşive, izvo anounganidza zvinhu kubva munyika, kubva Ongororo vanhu vakaita mhosva mhosva. kudzidza uye systematization mañana aidaro kubva 1887, pasina kukanganisa makirisito basa rayo ave mutongi guta.

Kutamira kune Paris, uye kwaizotevera tsvakurudzo mabasa

Muna 1894, pashure mañana mai afa akasiya guta rake uye vakagara zvachose muParis. Kusiya wokupedzisira jurisprudence, akazokwanisa kuzvipira sainzi, apo kuwedzera kuwanda pakutsvakurudza wayo, uye iri zvakafanana kuita evanhu kwemhosva. Mukurumbira mutsvakurudzi chakakomba, uye tiri munharaunda masayendisiti vakabvumira Gabriel mañana nenzvimbo chepamusoro Muushumiri Weruramisiro, vakaenda chikamu kwemhosva nhamba ikoko.

Tard Gabriel aiva imwe nguva anozivikanwa kwete chete somunhu nyanzvi asiwo somudzidzisi wakamutsa renyeredzi French magweta. Ake kudzidzisa basa raakatanga 1896 panguva Free School of Political Sciences, uye ipapo akaramba wake kuva purofesa dzidzo uye kutsvakurudza Nhongonya College of France, kwaaishanda kusvikira parufu rwake muna 1904.

The gakava Emil Durkheim

Nemabasa vakazvipira kusvika nyaya nezvemagariro evanhu, Gabriel mañana akavimba kunonyanya pamusoro nhamba uye kuenzaniswa kuongorora akashandiswa chikuru nzira kutsvakurudza. Mavari, iye ndaigarokakavadzana ake panguva, nokugamuchira kuzivikanwa munharaunda mune zvesayenzi, - the nyanzvi French Emile Durkheim.

Kusiyana navo, vachiti zviri vanhu kuti pave nomumwe munhu, mañana, kuomerera yakasiyana maonero, akanga atsausa kudavira kuti vanhu pacharo chibereko nesungano pakati munhu nyaya. Nemamwe mashoko, kusanzwisisana pundits vakaenda pane chikuru uye chii hakukoshi - vanhu vanoumba muvanhu, kana nzanga, zvinobikwa rinova nomumwe.

Kuvimbika kambani somugumisiro yakawiriranwa kutevedzera

Pakupera ari XIX remakore, yakasiyana monograph, rakanyorwa Gabriel mañana - ". Mitemo titevedzere" Chaizvoizvo Its mamota pasi chokwadi kuti, maererano musayendisiti, magariro uye kutaurirana mabasa nenhengo vanhu dzinowanzotsigi- kwakavakirwa Vachitevedzera uye nokukopa unhu vamwe vanhu vamwe. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuti hurongwa kudzokororwa evanhu akasiyana mafungiro, kuratidzwa hunobatsira basa, uyewo mafungiro uye zvaunotenda. Inoita kutevedzera kutamba navo kubva kumarudzi namarudzi. Rinoratidzawo yose mamiriro kambani.

Chipo munhu - injini mberi

Kukura muvanhu, maererano dzidziso mañana, imhaka yokuti pakati penhengo dzayo nguva kuzviratidza vakaparadzana pakuridza hunhu, vanokwanisa, anobuda kunze mukuru muitiro titevedzere, taurai shoko idzva chero munda mabasa evanhu. Zvibereko basa ravo rinogona kuva vaviri husingaoneki pfungwa, uye yakananga zvaioneka zvinhu.

zvinhu zvitsva akasikwa nazvo - mañana anotaura kwavari se "zvigadzirwa" - pakarepo kukwezva vatevedzeri uye vazova akagamuchira zvaigara. Ndiwo sei, maererano masayendisiti, chokubatanidza zvose munzanga masangano - Ruzhinji rwevanhu, kukwanisa kugadzira chinhu, ndakatanga kutevedzera innovators (innovators), uye kushandisa akavasika. Zvinonzi yakataurawo kuti kwete zvakagadzirwa zvose vanogamuchirwa noruzhinji kutevedzera, asi chete avo kuti aenderane kupinda kare richikunda nemagariro uye murege kupinda kunetsana nacho.

Saka, munyori dzidziso anoti evanhu shanduka nzanga ndiwo mugumisiro hwokusika basa zvimwe zvayo pakuridza nhengo, uye kwete dzinongoitika zvenhoroondo mutoo sezvo amukirwa Emil Dyurkgeym.

Kuongororwa dzidziso pamusoro zvinozivikanwa

Nhasi, munyika dzakakurumbira bhuku, rakanyorwa okupedzisira oupenyu hwake Gabriel mañana - ". Opinion uye revanhu" Mariri akaratidza mafungiro ake dzinonetsa zvipararire mumakore ake, uye achiripo kusvikira nhasi pfungwa zvinozivikanwa, inonzi aripo voga kubva mumwe nepfungwa uye chinhu yakazvimirira. Building papfungwa akaratidza kumusoro, munyori hunoratidza kuti chikuru basa hana mumwe chete nomumwe uye, naizvozvo, pamusoro basa raro nokuda yezvakaitwa noruzhinji.

Ichayeukwa somunhu zvakawanda pasi, aakataura chose mabasa ake Tard Gabriel - ". Chiitiko revanhu" Panyaya iyi, iye anoti pamwe kwepfungwa French Gustave Le Bon, uyo vakati XIX remakore ndiye "zera revanhu." Kuramba izvozvo, mañana vakati kuti hazvibviri kuti kusanganisa zviviri pfungwa yakasiyana zvachose - revanhu uye vateereri.

Kana chimiro revanhu kunoda pedyo chaiko kuonana pakati zvakamisa hurongwa vanhu vayo, vateereri anoumba vanhuwo pfungwa uye nenjere. Muchiitiko chino, zvingava vanhu vari munharaunda yakakura riri pane imwe yakawanda kure nomumwe. Kunyanya kwaikosha zvaaitaura pamazuva edu, kana vezvenhau vari kukwanisa artificially kusika zvakajairika voruzhinji, kutungamirira kwake maonero mugwara kwavari.

Other matavi nesayenzi kuti aifarira mañana

Kune dzimwe nzvimbo sayenzi rezvematambudziko Gabriel mañana - evanhu akanga asiri oga pasango kwayakaita. Kuwedzera kwemhosva dzataurwa pamusoro apa, musayendisiti akateerera uye munzanga nesayenzi zvikuru nyaya dzakadai sainzi enyika, zvoupfumi uye uri nhoroondo. The yokupedzisira hazvishamisi, nokuti kamwe vakapedza kudzidza wechechi yeRoma chikoro nedhigirii nomucheka Arts. Pazvose neminda izvi zivo Gabriel mañana zvakapfumisa sayenzi yasara pashure zvinoshanda.

Pfungwa musayendisiti French akawana paupamhi mhinduro muRussia. Vakawanda mabasa ake kunge akashandurirwa wokuRussia uye akava enzvimbo ruzhinji pamberi chimurenga. Somuenzaniso, muna 1892 muSt Petersburg rakabudiswa bhuku (Gabriel mañana "mitemo titevedzere"), iro rinotaura pfupiso kumusoro. Uyezve, ndakaona chiedza monograph "The mhosva vazhinji", "Rimwe bhuku rinotsanangura kuti unyanzvi" uye akawanda vamwe.

pfungwa mañana muchiedza nanhasi

The gakava kuti zvinopindura ari XIX remakore pakati mañana uye Durkheim pamusoro pezviri chikuru: munhu kana vanhu, vakawana kuenderera kwayo nhasi. Modernity akapa kufarira zvemidzimu kuti gakava pakati vatsigiri kududzirwa nzanga yakazvimirira Muviri vavengi vavo kuzviona somunhu dzakaunganidzwa akazvimirira vanhu.

Pasinei musiyano iri vanofungidzira nhaka yayo kwesayenzi, masayendisiti ano kupa chikwereti mañana dhigirii sezvo muvambi dzinoverengeka dzakakurumbira mazuva ano evanhu zvikamu. Pakati pavo zvinokosha kuongorora voruzhinji uye dzidziso vakawanda tsika. Zvisinei, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti XX remakore rakanga yemamiriro dzidziso Durkheim vachiri kuti vanhu unochinja paumbwe wacho, uye kwete vakutarisire. Panyaya iyi, zvakawanda mañana akarasikirwa mukurumbira wayo.