Ichokwadi kuti muranda - muranda? Tinopa chaiyo zvinoreva izwi

Translated kubva Ages rechiLatin rokuti vassus rinoreva "muranda." Asi izvi zvinoreva kuti ari pasi - uku ndiko munhu wokupedzisira ari vakuru simba? Ngazvisadaro. The Ages feudal mutemo, apo pfungwa aberekwa, haatori nyore muranda muranda-serf kana varimi vakasununguka kunyika ishe. Izvi - the knightly kwamachinda, kuti vakakwirira, iyo pachayo yakanga iri nyika uye vanhu. Asi kwaiva nomwanakomana pakati overlords, vakwegura vavo. Kumbonyanya kwakapararira ngano rakananga akanyatsorongwa simba iri feudal muvanhu. Ngatione ndiani uyo uye kusvika papi pasi mu Ages Europe.

Proskhozhdenie vatongi vari pasi

Tinogona kutaura kuti feudal mamiriro ukama vakashanduka munzira mbiri. On nyika hweRoma kuti kwakaderera nechepakati simba iri yezvematongetwo yakatamira pamusoro execute - enyika. Vakarega kuteerera nyika amai uye akadanidzira amene mukuru suzerain nyika. Kudzora mundima huru uye kuunganidzwa kwemitero, madzishe ava vakagadzwa vanhu avo - parantellu (hama kure) uye vatengi (akasununguka murwi uyo sevasingafungi Señor). Nyika Kuchinja iyi nhaka. Munzvimbo dzaitongwa mutemo German, achitonga ari pasi paNebhukadhinezari rakaumbwa kurudyi kukunda. Kusungwa nyika pamutemo aiva ishe. Iye chema nharaunda vevarwi ake pamusoro ezvinhu kuti ekupedzisira kuva nemhosva muchiuto muuto rake uye kumuteerera. Saka retainer - a "murume bakatwa", kungova knightly kirasi.

rukudzo

Zvino funga negadziriro ukama yakabatanidza overlord vake pasi. Sezvo zvarinoroora nyika uye vanhu mumaoko pasi, uye madzishe uye vatongi vari pasi zvaionekwa vakakwirira. Vaichengetedza akapa kwete chete chikamu nharaunda yayo, asiwo mukana kuzotonga, kusanganisira mukuru. pamusoro nyika mutemo weRoma, kuvimba kuti suzerain kwainyanya pachena pane iri kuchamhembe Western Europe, hunodzorwa tsika German. Asi kwose akaita tsika vakakohwa akamunamata - akamunamata. Tine nhamba rakanyorwa uchapupu hwakakwana, kuti pfungwa sei setsika iyi yakaitwa. Overlord akagara yakakwirira cheya, ari pasi akamira pamberi pake bareheaded, vakafugama mumwe ibvi. Iye ndokupika kuva akatendeka, ngakuve kudanwa wokutanga "bhiza, ungana uye oruzhno" Señor rutsigiro uye kunyange kupa mari rudzikinuro, kana iye chinozadzwa akabatwa. Overlord nenyasha akatambanudza maoko ake, akaisa maoko ake apo muranda. Ichi chiito tsika kwakaguma nekutsvoda norugare. Mune dzimwe nyika rukudzo kwaisanganisira pose kupinda mwana muranda mukirasi knightly. Asi pano pakanga pane zvakakwana "foie" - rakanyorwawo akamunamata tateguru marudzi.

benefice

Kana zvinoreva "muranda" zvikuru kana zvishoma yakajeka, hazvina kudaro nyore nezvinhu zvake. Panguva namatayi Señor mumaoko omurume wake "basa akatendeka" zvimwe benefice. Zvingava nyika kugara mairi varimi kwete chete. The benefice zvakare zvaisanganisira kodzero pachidiwa haut kururamisira - kururamisira mukuru. Dzimwe nguva feudal muranda aiva kuwana. Somuenzaniso, zvinogona kunge zvakanaka kubhadharisa ndima mhiri zambuko, kana kodzero kuronga nhumbi pamusoro aro. Vamwe vatongi vari pasi kunyange yakagadzirwa pachako mari dzaro! Nemhaka mikana yakawanda kuwana mari kubva benefices vaiva nemazita akasiyana: ari feudal fief, fief.

mira simba

Zviri kukanganisa kufunga kuti Jehovha akapa nyika omurume wake. Akangoti akapfuura nayo zvachose. Saka, nyika muridzi yakanga dzinonzi yave nyika inotongwa overlord pfuma. Zvisinei, kuti fief takabva baba mwanakomana nokusarurama nhaka, uye vanhuwo zvavo vagere yomucheka, vaiona pachavo nyaya duku feudal ishe. Usakanganwa kuti hierarchical hurongwa zvikuru kwazvo kuMiddle Ages. Mambo aiva mutongi chezita, asi madzishe, Counts uye machinda vagamuchirawo rukudzo kubva vatongi vari pasi ake - viscounts, marquises uye NaAmai Pauline Kabanzi. Ino feudal ukama oma kwakaguma chokwadi kuti vamwe vatongi vari pasi vakauya mhiko yokuvimbika kuna overlords siyana, uye rezasi ari kuzviisa pasi Danho vanofanira kuteerera rokumusoro, nekuti haimuoni nokuvapinza akamunamata.

Yezwi paMhedziso umambo

Achitonga ari pasi paNebhukadhinezari pacharo dzakatangira Western Europe mukutanga Middle Ages uye pakupedzisira nekusimbiswa muumambo vaFrank muna VIII-IX emakore. Louis nevatungamiriri nokuda nechirevo rake chete akasimbisa hierarchical feudal kuyanzva. Pakutanga, ino zvakashanda zvakanaka. Asi pashure feudal kusabatana zvakakonzera chokwadi chokuti simba roumambo simba. Huru overlord vakava ndezvokungotevedzera vatongi vari pasi ake. Royal inotongwa akava mumwe zvakaenzana enyika. Kusimbisa simba rake, mukurusa suzerains kuburikidza hondo uye kuparadzwa wenhare inopandukira vakakwirira akasuma tsika, rinozivikanwa - immediatizatsiya. Kutanga Philip II, ramadzimambo France akarwa kuitira kuti vose vakakwirira - kubva chiduku Varidzi makuru Knights - akapika mhiko kuna mambo. Zvikasadaro muranda nhaka achitorwa uye akakwanisa seneschal - mutenwa mvumo, uye vakapanduka vanokudzwa faiditom (dispossession).

Countries vatongi vari pasi

Kana anokunda rudzi rechiuto kusawirirana imwe nyika, akakunda ndima haisi nguva dzose yakatora. The feudal maitiro ukama zvinoreva kuti muranda - yakazvimirira kweutongi kana umambo, akaziva ukuru umambo hwakasimba. Danila Galitsky mutongi chakaitwa pakati XIII remakore ari kukotamira Golden Horde, uye muna 1478 Krymskoe Hanstvo akava muranda hweOttoman Empire.