Ex-libris - chii ichocho? Ex libris: Mufananidzo

Vavengi nevatori vemabhuku vanounganidza mumabhuku ekuraibhurari avo akawanda mabhuku akadhindwa, rimwe nerimwe rine nhoroondo yaro. Mukuedza kuchengetedza pfuma yavo, mabhiiyopi nevanodzidzisa vanoisa pasi kana kuisa pamapeji ebhuku bhuku book - the ex-libris. Chinyiko, nguva uye kupi kwairi kuoneka, chii chinoitika uye kuti sei "chifananidzo ichorism" ichiitwa, tichaedza kutaura munyaya ino.

Chii ichocho?

Mukushandura kubva kuLatin kusvika muchiRussia, Ex libris rinoreva "kubva mumabhuku". Icho chisinganzwisisiki chakabatanidzwa nehuwandu hwemabhuku uye yakatanga mumasangano emakore ekumazana - scriptories kune mamwe madzimambo, apo mapepa akanyorwa. Yaiva ipapo iyo yakatanga kuita izvo zvinonzi zvinyorwa zvepamusoro pamabhuku kutanga nemashoko okuti "kubva muraibhurari" kana "kubva mumabhuku", mushure mezvo zita remazita uye zita remuridzi kana zita remunamato kana raibhurari rakaratidzwa.

Nemazuva ano uye maitiro ekuti isu tine pepa repepa, rakaiswa mukati mebhuku rinosunga, bhuku rebhupiti rinofanira kushandura kudhindwa uye masters eGermany. Izvo zvinoitika zvakasiyana-siyana - zviri nyore uye zvinoshongedza, zvakasviba uye zvichena uye ruvara. Muenzaniso wakareruka, unozivikanwa kune umwe neumwe wedu kubva pauduku, ndiyo yekare-libris yelaibhurari, yakashongedzerwa kune mabhuku akabudiswa kuchikoro. Aesthetically, haaimiri chinhu, asi anotakura ruzivo runokosha pamusoro pomuridzi webhuku racho.

Bhuku replate - re ex-libris-harina kuramba rakashandurwa, mafashoni emitambo yeiyi kana nguva iyo, zvido zvevanhu pachavo uye zvido zvevadzidzisi uye kunyange nzira dzokugadzira yekudhinda dzakashandiswa zvakagadzirisa kuoneka kwayo.

Sezvo mutemo, bhuku rebhuku rakapetwa kune imwe huru kana shoma ruzivo nezvemuridzi: zita rake nezita rechirwere, basa, worldview, zvinodiwa. Pane dzimwe nguva apo bhuku rebhuboshwe rakakosha kupfuura bhuku racho pacharo, mairi.

Vakave rini?

Kupindura mubvunzo pamusoro pei-ex-libris-kuti chii, zvakakosha kuziva kuti sei uye sei kuti chiitiko ichi chinosimuka sei.

Maererano nevasayendisiti, bhuku rekare kudarika reBritish Museum, uye raive pharao Amenhotep IV uye mazuva kubva muzana remakore rechiCIV BC. E. Chido chekutsanangura uhu hwezvinhu zvakakosha zvakadai semabhuku zvinonzwisisika. Vanhu chete vane simba uye vapfumi ndivo chete vanogona kukwanisa kubwinya kwezvinyorwa zvinyorwa uye kuedza kuziva kodzero yehudziri kuitira kuchengetedza.

Mushure mekuonekwa kwezvinyorwa zvekutanga zvakadhindwa muGermany, vanhu vaida mapepa ebhuku aigona kuziva muridzi. Chinyorwa chakareruka chakanyorwa chiGermany book sign is 1450, uye French Jean-Berto La Tour-Blanche muna1529.

Dzimwe dzekutanga dzeChirungu, Dutch neItaly ex-libris dzakabuda muna 1579, 1597 uye 1622 maererano.

Kurongedza uye marudzi

Yakagadzirwa kwemazana emakore, mabhukukiti anogona kuiswa muzvikamu zviviri zvinotevera:

• Mhando - kuratidza chete zita nezita rechiridzidzidzi;
• Unyanzvi, hunourawa nenzira yechikwangwani chiduku, kurondedzera zvishoma nezvomuridzi welaibhurari.

Ngatitore tsanangudzo yakajeka yeiyo ex exris, chii ichocho uye kuti chii chaicho. Pane zvitatu chete:

1. Iyo jasi rezvimiratidzo chiratidzo chezana remakore rechi16-rechi17, chiratidzo chemuenzi wacho chakaratidzwa pairi. Yakasikwa maererano nemitemo yose yehutano hwemhando.
2. Iyo mhirizhonga yaisanganisira mavambo ekugadzira maitiro emuridzi. Imwe yekare-libris (chinyorwa pamusoro) inogona kuonekwa munyaya yacho.
3. Chirongwa chacho ndicho chinoshongedza uye chinogona kuva nezvinhu zvakawanda, kuratidzira zvaunofarira, basa uye zvido zvemuenzi.

Vanoratidzei?

Kana pakutanga pama bhakisikiti maoko nemaoko ekutanga akakunda, mazuva ano ex-libris mumatambudziko akawanda ane zvikamu zviviri: unyanzvi uye zvinyorwa. Uye kana iri muzvinyorwa zvetsika zvinoratidza uhu hwebhuku kune izvi kana kuti muridzi, ipapo mufananidzo unogona kuva chinhu zvachose. Apo va-ex-libric vakagadzirwa, vanyori vanobvunzwa kuti varatidze ichi kana icho chiitiko chehupenyu kana zvido zvemurairi weraibhurari. Mufananidzo wakadaro unofananidzira, uye unogona kuva mufananidzo kana mamiriro ezvinhu, kuratidza zvinhu zvekushongedza kana masvingo ekuraibhurari, grotesque kana cartoonish. Hapana mimwe mitemo, kunze kwemafungiro emutengi uye unyanzvi hwemhizha.

MuSoviet era, mhirizhonga inoratidzira Lenin, mazano uye masimba ehondo uye Civil Warritic hondo, kushandiswa kwebasa kwevashandi nevashambadziri, kukunda kunze kwepasi kwakakurumbira.

Anoitwa sei?

Nhasi, pane maitiro akawanda ekuwana mabhukukiti:

• Typographical set;
• Stamp;
• Zincographic;
• Lithography;
• Silk screen printing;
• Kushandura pane zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana.

Ngationei muchidimbu nzira dzakasiyana, dzinoshandiswa pakuita bhuku rekare-libris.

Woodcuts

Imwe yekare ndiyo nzira yekugadzira miti - engraving, inourawa pamuti. Yatova muVIII yekare BC. E. MuMabvazuva vakagamuchira zvigadzirwa zvepamusoro kubva pamapuranga akabatwa, uye kubva muzana remakore rechi14 iyi nzira yakashandiswa muEurope. Inonzi iyi yakagadzirwa nemapuranga, yakagadzika pamutsara wakareba we softwood, kazhinji pear, chisel uye banga. Nokuda kwekudzivirira kwehutanda hwehuni, urongwa hwaive hwakareba uye nguva inopedza. Muzana remakore rechigumi nemana, munyori wekuChirungu Thomas Buick akagadzira nzira yekupedzisira yekugadzira, yakagadzirwa pamagwatidziro ematanda akaoma nemucheka wakakosha. Rudzi urwu rwekunyora rwakakurumidza kuwana mukurumbira, sezvo rwakabvumirwa kuwana mitsetse ine simba uye yakajeka, yakadzika yakadzika uye kushanduka kwakanyatsooneka pakati penzvimbo dzakaoma uye dzisina chiedza.

Engraving on copper

Iyi yeimwe nzira dzekare kare yekuumba zvinyorwa zvakaonekwa muzana remakore rechiXIV muItaly. Inoshandiswa nekucheka chimiro nemucheka wakagadzirwa mumhangura ndokuzozadza groove inogadzirwa nepende. Shure kwaizvozvo, mufananidzo wacho unonyorwa pasi pezvinyorwa, pamvura, pepa inotora inki. Iyi nzira yakanyanya kuoma kuita, sezvo hapana chinogona kuchinjwa kana kugadziriswa.

Etching

Iyi ndiyo nzira inonyanya kufarirwa yekuita ye-ex-libris ndeyekudzikisa mufananidzo nemashizha pane zinc kana mupfupa wendarira. Kutanga, kuumbwa kwakakoswa kwekakisi kwakakonzerwa newaini uye zvinhu zvakakonzerwa zvinoshandiswa zvinoshandiswa kubhodhi rakafukidzwa nesimbi. Apo ganda rakanyanyisa, munyori ane nheyo inokosha inotora mifananidzo uye inobvisa tsvina. Mushure mokunge chifananidzo chacho chichinjwa, ndiro iyo inoderedzwa mumudziyo ne nitric acid, iyo inopisa simbi. Pamusoro pechinhu chakabviswa asidi uye varnish, muenzaniso unowanikwa.

Modernity

Kana vasati vambo-libris artists vaishandiswa nehuniki kana enching, nhasi mazhinji mabhukukiti anourawa kuburikidza nechinyorwa che rubber cliche. Mazuva ano nzira dzekugadzirira dzinobvumira kunyora zviduku zviduku zveii ex-libris, izvo zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kugadzira mabasa akaoma eunyanzvi.

Bhuku remabhuku muRussia

Kusvikira kumazana emakore ekuma1800 mabhuku akanyorwa akaparidzirwa muRussia, uye kuitira kuti vachengetedze, varidzi vaingoita "zvinyorwa zvisiri izvo", izvo zvakaratidza zita nezita rechirongwa. Achitenda kumushanduri wokutanga wokuRussia, Ivan Fyodorov, bhuku rokutanga rakadhindwa rakaonekwa pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi18. Pakutanga, idzi dzaingova mifananidzo chete, asi zvishoma nezvishoma yakatanga kuoneka mifananidzo yemifananidzo, yakapiwa motto shomanana, kuratidza hupenyu hwomuridzi. Munguva yekutonga kwaPetro Mukuru, mabhuku ezvinyorwa akaparadzirwa kwose uye yekare-libris iri kuve yakashongedzwa. Zvinyorwa pamabhuku zvakadhindwa zviri pasi pevanhu uye zvinokurukurwa, zvichiratidzira hukama hwemunharaunda hwemwene.

Muzana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe, rutivi rwevakangwara ruchiumba muRussia, uye reraibhurari yega yega inoguma kuva chiratidzo chekodzero. Vanhu vazhinji vakavhenekerwa, masayendisiti, vanyori vari zvishoma nezvishoma vachigadzira zvakakura mabhuku emabhuku. Izvi zvakaita kuti kuparadzirwa kwakawanda kwekare-libris, asi kwakatungamirira pakuita nyore. Panzvimbo yekubwinya kwemhuri-ye-maoko kana mamiriyo, chimiro chakajairika chakasikwa, icho chakadhindwa mumutauro we typographical, iyo iyo pachake data yeimba yake uye nzvimbo yakagadzikana yebhuku-nhamba yebhukukase uye mashefu-yakanyorwa.

Mukati yezana remakore rechi20, yekare-libris yakava inenge yakazvimiririra yakasiyana-siyana yemifananidzo yakajeka. Izvi zvakagadziriswa nekuti vakanyori vakakurumbira vakadai saAlexander Benois, Lev Bakst, Georgy Narbut, Elena Lansere, Mikhail Dobuzhinsky nevamwe vazhinji vaibatanidzwa mumhando iyi muRussia. Izvo zvinozivikanwawo kuti muna 1901 yekare ex-libris Vasnetsov yakasikwa, kana kuti kunyanya, chimiro che "xylography" Iz книг mabhuku IS. Ostroukhov "yakaitwa neyakakurumbira engiriver wenguva iyoyo V.V. Mutevedzeri maererano nemufananidzo, izvo muenzi wacho akaita neinki.

Nhoroondo yemazuva ano yechiratidzo chebhuku

Mushure mekuvandudzwa kwa1917 uye Civil War, vazhinji vaikorodzano vashandi vakaonekwa, saIkolai Kupriyanov, Vladimir Favorsky, Alexei Kravchenko nevamwe vatenzi. Zvinyorwa zvekare zve-libris zvakawedzera zvakanyanya, uye chiratidzo chebhuku chakatanga kuratidza unhu hweunhu hwega uye zvinyorwa zvevadzidzisi vemabhuku.

Nguva inotevera yekuzivikanwa kwekare ye-libris munyika yedu yakava 60-70s yezana remakore rapfuura, apo vanhu vakatakurwa nekutora mabhuku. Pasinei nokuti chimiro panguva iyoyo chakanga chisinganyanyi kurongeka, vanyori vakasika zviratidzo zvakawanda zvinonakidza uye zvisina kujairika.

Nhasi, muzana remakore rechi20, kufarira kune yekare-libris iri kusimba. Izvi zvinonyanya kubhadharwa nekuti vakawanda uye vevanhu venguva yedu vari kuedza kuva nemunhu oga, aine bookprint, akagara nhaka, akadai se ex-libris, ane mufananidzo uri pasi apa.

Panzvimbo yekupedzisa

Pari zvino, mabhukukiti anoshumira kwete kungochengetedza kutendeseka kwelaibhurari, asiwo sekusunganidzwa. Vanogona kutaura zvakawanda pamusoro peizvi kana nguva iyo, vadzidzisi uye zvavanoda. Kupindura mubvunzo pamusoro peii ex-libris - chii ichocho, munhu anogona kutaura kuti iyi haisi yemazuva ano yemhando yemifananidzo, asiwo nyaya yekuyeuka yenguva dzakapfuura nevanhu.