Clastic matombo. Description uye kupatsanura nematombo

Norudo nyika rinenge periodic table yose. Chemical zvinhu vanoumba pakati pavo remubatanidzwa izvo zvakasikwa zvicherwa. Mumwe kana kupfuura zvicherwa anogona zvaisanganisira mumatombo enyika. Nyaya ino achaedza kubata-siyana avo, uye ukoshi zvivako.

Chii dombo

Kokutanga ino izwi rave richishandiswa dzedu Russian musayendisiti Severgin muna 1978. Definition anogona kupiwa ndiko: matombo - kubatana ichi kupinda rimwe anoverengeka sezvingatarisirwa kuitika zvicherwa vane zvachose marongerwo sezvamunoita. Matombo anogona kuwanikwa pose pose, sezvo ivo vari chinokosha chenyika nechepasi.

Kana ukaverenga tsanangudzo yamatombo, vose zviratidzo zvakasiyana:

• Density.
• Porosity.
• Color.
• Simba.
• nemishonga Strong kuti chando.
• Decorative unhu.

Zvichienderana wemishonga unhu kushandiswa.

Kusiyana pamatombo

At moyo padombo vezvikwata pamusoro-siyana ndiyo zvemakemikari uye chicherwa sezvamunoita. Zita padombo anopiwa, zvichienderana dzakavapo. Funga vanobvumirana boka. Common kupatsanura vangatarira kuti nzira.

1. Sedimentary pamatombo:

• clastic matombo;
• organogenous;
• chemogenic;
• yakavhenganiswa.

2. Magmatic:

• kuputika;
• plutonic;
• hypabyssal.

3. Metamorphic:

• isochemical;
• metasomatic;
• ultrametamorphic.

Next, funga uwane characterization kwazvakaita izvi.

sedimentary matombo

Chero pamatombo, iri rainzwika siyana zvinhu uye zvimwewo pezvakaitwa zvinogona akaremara kuchinja chimiro chayo. Vanotanga kuputsa, ngwanda kupararira, unogona achaiswa pasi yamakungwa uye nyanza. Somugumisiro - paumbwe sedimentary namatombo.

saka patsanura matombo sedimentary akavamba kwakaoma, sezvo vakawanda vavo vakanga yakaumbwa pasi pokudzora pezvakaitwa zhinji, kuti kune imwe boka kupona kwavo zvisingaiti. Pari, kwakadai dombo akakamurwa:

• Clastic matombo. Mienzaniso anogona kukonzera zvakasiyana zvinoti: yaizivikanwa mavhu kana akapwanyika ibwe, jecha uye ivhu, uye vamwe vakawanda.
• Organogenous.
• Chemogenic.

Ngatitaurei pamusoro mumwe erudzi fomu.

Clastic matombo

Ivo kuonekwa nokuda paumbwe marara. Kana isu patsanura maererano nechivako dzavo, kusunungurwa:

• dombo atadze.
• Unconsolidated.

Wokutanga mhando chinayo munhu unobva chinoumba, izvo zvingazivikanwa inomirirwa carbonates uye That. Naizvozvo wechipiri mhando haana izvi zvinhu ane kusazvibata marongerwo.

Unogona kutaridzwa kuti clastic matombo dzinowanzova zvisaririra uye zvasara nemhuka. Izvi zvinosanganisira anoshongwa pakati mollusks akachengetedzwa zvisaririra zviri hunde, Tupukanana mapapiro.

Most anozivikanwa clastic matombo. Mienzaniso zvinoratidza izvi. By detrital vari jecha terrific nevhu, akapwanyika ibwe uye mavhu, uyewo vamwe vakawanda. Vose vari zvikuru kushandiswa pakuvaka indasitiri.

Mibhedha padombo

boka iri ndiro chigadzirwa nemakemikari. Vaiti kwaari kungava munyu, akadai potassium uye bauxite. Muitiro rokuumba ichi mhando erudzi anogona mberi nenzira mbiri:

1. Zvishoma nezvishoma wevasungwa acho mhinduro. Hazvina dziripowo pano nokuitika nemwaranzi kubva zuva.
2. Remubatanidzwa zvakawanda munyu ari tembiricha ipfupi.

The maumbirwo kwazvakaita achavaponesa apo zvaitika. Avo vari achiumbwa pasi pose, vane pezvakaita dura, uye kudzika kwava zvakasiyana.

Very zvikuru kushandiswa kubva boka iri pamatombo, mienzaniso chete kuzosimbisa ichi. Kundima dzemiti mabwe:

• Mineral munyu.
• Bauxite.
• Limestones.
• Dolomite, magnesite, uye vamwe vakawanda.

Zvakasikwa zviri zvakajairika mazuva matombo paumbwe yaiva wakapindwa siyana dzinongoitika kwendangariro. Zita mabwe kuti vakatora nzvimbo nenzira yakadaro - yakavhenganiswa. Somuenzaniso, sand inogona akasangana neboka admixture ivhu.

Organogenic sedimentary matombo

Kana clastic matombo dzimwe nguva zvaisanganisira kwayo sezvamunoita zvakasara zvipenyu, ipapo boka iri chete wavo uye ndiyo. Zvinosanganisira:

• Mafuta shale.
• Nebhitumini.
• Phosphate matombo.
• Carbonate yeimwe, akadai nesuko, zvakanyorwa pamusoro bhodhi rokunyorera.
• Limestones.

Kana isu kutaura sezvamunoita, iyo reraimu uye choko ari anenge zvachose rinoumbwa vakasara anoshongwa ose mollusks yekare, foraminifera, korari sezvo ane algae. Sezvo ipai kumuka organogenic mabwe zvinenge zvakasiyana, vari rakakamurwa mhando dzakawanda:

• Bioherm. Saka akadana kuunganidza zvipenyu.
• Thanatocoenoses uye tafrotsenozy muri vakasara zvipenyu akararama kare kare munzvimbo idzi kana vakaunzwa nemvura.
• Planktonogenic mabwe dzakaumbwa kubva zvipenyu kurarama mumvura.

Zviyo Ukuru emadhaka

Nyaya iyi ndeimwe hunhu sedimentary padombo mamiriro. Kana kutarira pamatombo, vanogona kuva rakakamurwa homogeneous uye inclusions. In wokutanga musimboti, dombo yose akaziva somunhu homogeneous guru, uye munhu nezvikamu yechipiri anogona kunzi uye zviyo zvavo chimiro uye reshiyo.

Kana tikafunga kukura zvikamu zviduku, tinogona kusiyanisa mapoka akawanda:

1. Zviyo zvakanaka mavara.
2. Skrytozernistye nemaziso kuzviratidza kuva unstructured.
3. In boka rechitatu, hazvibviri kufunga granularity pasina chinokosha michina.

inclusions chimiro anogona kuva mumwe nzira dzekuziva nako kugoverana matombo aya. Vanoverengeka marudzi akasiyana pezvivako:

• Gipodiomorfny. In mhando ichi chiito sezvo mbeu crystals ari zvichiguma mhinduro.
• Gipidioblastovy mhando inobatana zvenguva mamiriro, umo mune redistribution kuti zvinhu padombo kare Rakasimbisa.
• Granoblastic kana papepa rine crystals kwemashifiti chimiro.
• Mehanokonforny mhando inoumbwa ne zvokuimba zviito pressurized zviyo akaturikidzana, izvo dziri pamusoro.
• Nekonformnozernisty ane chikuru chepfungwa muchimiro akasiyana Zvekare zvimiro zvemhashu zvakaita zviyo, iyo inotungamira voids uye porosity.

Uyezve zvivako emit kunyange uye unaku. The Kupesana kunobva layering kuti:

• Gradation. inotungamirwa Its rinoitwa panguva huru pakadzika pasi mvura.
• Prosloevaya rinowanikwa mune dzimwe akaturikidzana mvura, kwakadai kunogona kunzi ivhu smears, akaturikidzana jecha nevhu.
• Pereslaivatelnaya kunoitika kana ukobvu guru, zvinokwanisika kuchengeta kuchinja mavara akaturikidzana. Somuenzaniso, interlace nevhu uye jecha.

Kungaguma zvakawanda classifications zhinji, asi ichi, zvichida, mira.

Vamiririri sedimentary mabwe

Takatodzidza akaongorora sedimentary clastic matombo, mienzaniso uko kwakaguma, uye ikozvino kugara kuno rumwe, rinova rinoparadzirwa zvakasikwa.

1. Grits. Zvinomiririra sedimentary matombo muchimiro mavhu. It rinoumbwa zvimedu matombo uye zvicherwa zviri inosiyana.
2. Sandy matombo. Izvi zvinosanganisira jecha uye sandstone.
3. Silty matombo fananei sandstones, chete yaro mamiriro vari kugadzikana kupfuura zvicherwa muchimiro Goldstone, muscovite.
4. Siltstone dzinoratidzwa roughness pamusoro kutsemuka uye ruvara kunobva cementitious zvinhu.
5. Loam.
6. Clay matombo.
7. Mudstones.
8. Marl muri musanganiswa carbonates uye That.
9. Limestones, izvo anoumbwa calcite.
10. Mel.
11. Dolomites akafanana reraimu, calcite, asi pachinzvimbo dzine dolomite.

matombo ose aya zvinowanzoshandiswa kuvaka uye dzimwe sectors hwenyika.

metamorphic matombo

Kana tikarangarira kuti metamorphosis ichi, zvichava kunzwisiswa kuti metamorphic mabwe ndiwo mugumisiro tishandurwe zvicherwa uye matombo pasi zvinoitwa tembiricha, chiedza, kumanikidzwa, uye mvura. The zvakanakisisa wakazikamwa boka iri: machena, quartzite, gneiss, schist, uye vamwe.

Sezvo metamorphosis vangagara-siyana pamatombo, uye kupatsanura kunoenderana payo:

1. METABASIC - erudzi urwu, izvo anovapo kutendeuka igneous uye sedimentary matombo.
2. Metapelites ndiwo mugumisiro kutendeuka iine acid sedimentary matombo.
3. Carbonate matombo akadai namatema.

The chimiro nedombo metamorphic iri rakaramba kubva rapfuura muenzaniso, kana dombo riri pamusoro akaturikidzana, uye rekuUnited vachava chete chimiro. Makemikari anoumba Chokwadi, kunoenderana padombo zvamavambo, asi pasi pokudzora siyana hungasiyana. The chicherwa sezvamunoita angava akasiyana, uye kunogona kusanganisira vose chicherwa ndomumwe kana akawanda.

Igneous matombo

Ichi boka pamatombo ari kusvika 60% yose pasi goko. Ivo muka kubva kunyunguduka pamatombo kana iri nguo pazasi kuti goko. Magma - zvinhu zvakaumbwa iri zvishomanana kana zvakazara vafumiswa pamwe magasi akasiyana-siyana. Pfungwa inotungamirwa anogara chokuita soro tembiricha iri mukati penyika. Geological pezvakaitwa kuitika mukati Earth, dzose kutsamwisa magma achisimuka pemvura. Mukuita Rokurera kunoitika kutonhora uye crystallization zvicherwa. Ndizvo muitiro kuti paumbwe igneous namatombo.

Zvichienderana kudzama panguva iyo nokuomesa, vanokamurwa muzvikwata inoverengeka pamatombo, mhando tafura chingaratidzika seizvi:

plutonic	kuputika	hypabyssal
matombo aya achiumbwa yepazasi chikamu goko.	Akaumba panguva kuputika magma pemvura.	Rora kunoitika apo magma anozadza makatsemuka iri huripo matombo.

Igneous matombo zvakasiyana zvakapwanyika kuti hapana vakasara zvipenyu akafa mavari. Granite dombo inotungamirwa ndechimwe chezvinhu akakurumbira pakati boka iri. Inoitwa: feldspar, Goldstone uye Mika.

Kana ane kuputika, kuti magma tichisiya panyika, zvishoma nezvishoma inotonhodza nokuumba rudzi dombo kuputika. Havazivi dzine crystals guru sezvo tembiricha donhwe kunoitika nokukurumidza zvikuru. Mumiririri mabwe dzakadaro basalt uye girenayiti. Ivo inowanzoshandiswa kare nokuda kwezvifananidzo zvaAtemisi Zvivako uye zvivezwa.

Volcanic clastic matombo

In nedanho kuputika kwemakomo vakaumba kwete chete dombo girenayiti, asi vamwe vazhinji. Uyezve effusion dhaka mumhepo achizviparadzanisa vakawanda zvimedu, pamwe clots Rakasimbisa dhaka richidonhera nomumativi chimiro tephra. Izvi pyroclastic zvinhu zviri zvishoma nezvishoma kuitwa kwakakanganisa, akaparadza chikamu mvura yaro, uye munhu nekuumbanidzwa uye anova dombo rakasimba - kuputika tuffs.

At pakumedura padombo zvimedu zvinogona kuonekwa, magwanza anenge pakati ayo akazara madota dzimwe nguva nevhu kana siliceous sedimentary zvinhu.

Weathering nematombo

matombo All, ari zvakasikwa, zviri kukanganiswa zvinhu zvakawanda kuti pave rikukurwe kana kuparadza. Zvichienderana simba nesimba pane mhando dzakawanda izvi:

1. weathering zvokunyama pamatombo. It kunoitika nokuda tembiricha kuchinja, zvichiguma padombo dzinokaroparuka, mu makatsemuka izvi anosuwa mvura iyo inogona dzikwanise chando yakaderera tembiricha. Saka zvishoma nezvishoma kuparadzwa dombo kunoitika.
2. Chemical weathering rinoitwa nemvura iyo opinda dombo makatsemuka uye leaches, urwa izvozvo. Kwakadaro Marwadzo zvikuru amenable kuti machena, reraimu, munyu.
3. Biological weathering rinoitwa pamwe kutora chikamu zvipenyu. Somuenzaniso, anosima pamwe midzi yavo vari kuurayana dombo, lichen, vakagara pamusoro pazvo, secrete zvimwe acid, idzo uyewo kunokuvadza kushanda.

Dzivisa weathering wamatombo kwakaoma zvisingaiti.

zvichireva matombo

Hazvibviri fungidzira upfumi pasina kushandisa matombo. Exercise kushandisa kwakadaro kwakatanga kare, kana vanhu vakadzidza kugadzirisa matombo. Zvikurukuru kushandiswa pakuvaka indasitiri matombo. Mienzaniso inosanganisira zvinotevera:

• Marble.
• Yematombo.
• Mel.
• Granite.
• Quartzite nevamwe.

Kushandiswa ravo rokuvaka kunobva simba nohumwe unhu hunokosha.

Vamwe dzinoita zvinoshandiswa mune metallurgia indasitiri, zvakadai refractory nevhu, reraimu, dolomite. Makemikari indasitiri iri vasingasiyani kubva padombo munyu, Tripoli, diatomaceous pasi.

Kunyange chiedza indasitiri anoshandisa dombo zvavanoda. In zvokurima haagoni kuita pasina potashi, dombo phosphate, zvinova chinokosha chezvinonhuwira fetiraiza.

Saka, takurukura matombo. Uye inogona vakagumisa kuti panguva ino vane chokwadi uye anodiwa vabatsiri munhu anenge ose indasitiri, kubvira upenyu hwezuva nezuva kuti kuvakwa. Ndokusaka pfungwa haisi dombo zvinowanzoshandiswa, uye zvicherwa kuti chaizvo anotaurawo kukosha izvi zvakasikwa reservoirs.