Nevafungi makuru Europe: Voltaire, Diderot, Rousseau

Kuvhenekerwa - chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha nguva munhoroondo tsika yenyika. nguva ino, kupararira vakasununguka-mafungiro uye kutenda risingaperi yaibvira murume. Ndivanaani vadzidzisi zvikuru Europe.

Features yaitonga

Nzira vakasununguka pfungwa yave refu uye zvakaoma. Munenge munyika dzose kusvikira pakupera nemanomwe remakore munzanga pfungwa aidzorwa yechechi. Asi zvishoma nezvishoma vokuEurope ndikabvisa wakaoma kurongeka. Pane kutenda pakutanga kwaiva kuenda ruzivo.

XVIII remakore - paraiitwa chokuzvisarudzira-mafungiro uzivi. Kuvakwa ayo nevafungi makuru Europe. A tafura kuti mazita uye makore oupenyu uye mabasa inozivikanwa kwazvo vanyori izvi, rinotaurwa pazasi.

Kuvhenekerwa uzivi kunobva hweruzhinji, mirayiridzo yamarudzi ose unyanzvi uye mabhuku pasi vanhuwo zvavo queries. Chinangwa chikuru chemusha akakurumbira dzinomiririra tsika nemasere remakore yaiva sumo ruzivo vose. Sangano rakatanga muEngland, asi nokukurumidza kupararira kuFrance uye Germany. Zvinozivikanwa kuti Russian Empress Catherine II, yakawanda hanya rwakabhadharwa kuna nyaya dzidzo uye kushandurwa munzanga, kwemakore akawanda akatakurwa ari kunyorerana vakakurumbira nemifananidzo tsika. Pakati pavo Voltaire nevamwe vanofunga zvikuru Europe.

Nhamba nesimba zvikuru mutsika nyika vaiva vanyori French uye vadetembi. Pakati pavo vane wo Voltaire, Rumbidzai Didro, uye vamwe vanofunga zvikuru Europe. Pfupiso nhoroondo dzeupenyu vamwe vavo vanorondedzerwa munyaya.

MuRussia, chikuru muvandudzi dzidzo hurongwa raiva Lomanosov. Aivawo nyanzvi uye theorist mabhuku, uye munyori wenhetembo. Asi chii chakanga zita avo ndiri kutaura pamusoro munyaya ino? Ndivanaani vadzidzisi huru Europe?

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Voltaire

Munyori akanga ari mwanakomana mukuru. Akapedza kudzidza kubva wechechi yeRoma College, vakadzidza mutemo, asi zvino, sezvo tichiziva, akasarudza mabhuku. Voltaire aiva murume kunyunyuta. Aisagona kuwiriranisa nehurumende uye Catholic Church, saka kazhinji akasiya kwemakore mashoma, France. Zvisinei, mune dzimwe nyika dzokuEurope, iye akasika satirical mabasa zvainanga kutsoropodzwa veko munzanga marongerwo.

In pauduku hwake, munyori French azadzwa muuzivi Epicurus. Kunyange mabasa Voltaire mangwanani ane kurwisa machechi uye absolutism. basa rake akazotevera ndiyo siyana Genres. Pakati mabasa vakasikwa Voltaire, zvinokosha kuziva nyaya kwouzivi journalistic nyaya dzakaitika essays. munyori French akava chinokosha kwakabatsira kukura tsika nyika. basa rake rakafuridzirwa vanyori Russian. Mugore regumi namasere remakore paiva izwi "Voltairianism" zvichiratidza ndyaringo, dzokupandukira simba.

Vamwe mabasa Voltaire pakutanga rakabudiswa anonymously. Somuenzaniso, "Maid pamusoro Orleans." Nhetembo rinotaura nyaya heroine rechiFrench vanhu Jeanne d'Arc. Uye zvakadaro satirical maonero kuti chechi wazvisvitsa ndandanda kurambidza mabhuku.

Jean-Zhak Russo

uzivi uyu rakajeka dimikira sentimentalism French. Somwana, apinda Geneva Protestant yevanogara imba, ipapo akapinda raizondipa unyanzvi hunodiwa kuti gweta. Pana gumi nezvitanhatu, Rousseau akasiya guta yake yaakaberekerwa. Muupenyu hwake iye mune ounyanzvi hwokugadzira zhinji, kazhinji vanoshaya. Muna 1750, Rousseau akanyora bhuku, izvo akatanga mabhuku zvaakasika. Tevera mabasa zvakazara kundosangana echimurenga mweya akatonga netsika nyika, uye akabvumira munyori kuti kusanganisa nhamba yavakuru, anozivikanwa munhau sezvo nevafungi guru Europe.

Denis Diderot

Mumwe dzakavamba pfungwa yepamusoro mafungiro vasingatendi nheyo hwepamweya. Diderot aidavira kuti munhu chii anoita pakati vanhu, nokuda kwaizvozvo, uye vamwe vanofunga zvikuru Europe. Diderot akanyora Genre pamusoro prose uye mutambo. Akanyora anoverengeka akadhindwa kwouzivi.

Vabereki vanoda kuti ave mupristi, asi pashure kuguma wechechi yeRoma kukoreji, Denis akabatana rorusununguko Arts. Diderot kare Yakawanawo shanduro. munyori French kupfuura makore gumi iye akashanda pakusikwa "Encyclopedia", vaidyidzana nevamwe vadzidzisi.

Basa munhau

Europe huru nevafungi uye pfungwa dzavo zvakachinja nzira vanhu uye munzanga, uye iwe pachako. vazivi ava vakaratidza kuti munhu ane pfungwa, simba romudzimu. Ndaifunga kuti zvino sokuti pachena, kusvikira nemanomwe remakore, zvaionekwa sevanhu vakashinga uye anopenga pfungwa, kana kuti, aigona kuonekwa. Kusati kwatombova muuzivi Kujekerwa chinhu chakafanana chii akanyora Voltaire, Diderot uye Rousseau, vanoti zvinonzwika kashoma kuti mumwe munhu aizoda. KuMiddle Ages kereke majee vakanga vakaipa. Chero vakasununguka-mafungiro aiva nechokwadi nzira kuti mumaoko Raibvunzurudza. Negore regumi namapfumbamwe remakore, vamwe vanyori (semuenzaniso, Sharl De Coster) akatanga kuratidza mubasa ravo zvinotyisa rima nguva.

tsika akaziviswa Kujekerwa akatanga zvakakodzera kunzi democratic. Vakarasisa navanopinda mhinduro pakati zvavo. Okugadzira zvinhu Voltaire, Rousseau uye Diderot akafuridzira vanyori vechiduku vakawanda France, Germany uye Russia.