Kuvhenekerwa philosophy, uye ayo chikuru unhu

The Age of Kuvhenekerwa muEurope, kuumbwa zvakananga munhoroondo ezvinhu. Yakanga ekutonga mhedziso umambo muFrance muna mudambudziko, uye musiyano uri pakati zvoupfumi uye gadziriro hurumende uyewo tightening pakati clericalism (the womuna pakati Nantes pamusoro zvitendero rakanga rarambidzwa). Sources pfungwa itsva dzava mufananidzo esayenzi kwenyika, raparurwa nesangano Newton, uyewo Chirungu munzanga uzivi (Dzhon Lokk, muuzivi "pfungwa") uye French vakasununguka-vanofunga uye vanyori vakadai Per Beyl, Descartes uye Montesquieu.

Kuvhenekerwa pfungwa pakutanga takaita pokutanga mubvunzo ouzivi dambudziko kushorwa pakati kutenda uye chikonzero uye akaisa mberi somumwe anokosha zvinangwa vanhu chitendero Rokufunga uye Progress. Kana Chirungu nomuzivi ndoupi okuti "kuvhenekerwa" vaiva theorists kunzi cabinet hunhu, yeFrance Kujekerwa ariko evanhu kufamba, kana "bato" vazivi. Ndivo aifarira zvematongerwo enyika, kuwana ruzhinji uye zvakanyorwa mumutauro French zvinzwisiswe vaya vakadzidziswa kuverenga nokunyora. The chikuru musimboti rechiFrench Kujekerwa aiva kutenda kwakaita pfungwa dziri vanhu. Vaidavira kuti pfungwa dzinochinja kutanga kwenzanga, uye kudzidzisa vanhu, tinofanira kutanga dzidzisa vanhu.

Kuvhenekerwa uzivi hazvifungiki pasina ichi Chokwadi, kupfuura chinopenya kuti mumiririri wawo, Francois Voltaire. Zvisinei, haana kusika kwake hurongwa philosophy, uye aizivikanwa somunhu murwi pamusoro rusaruro uye kudavira mashura, ndicho chikonzero yake yakakurumbira kuchema pamusoro pakudzorwa pakati clericalism yeRoma Katurike "Gurai inda!" Akatsungirira emakore. Voltaire aiva deist maonero avo, aidavira kuti ariko Mind zvakasikwa kunoratidza chikonzero uye chinangwa kuvapo. Akataurawo kuzorwa kusatendera, muchitenda kuti Kurambwa kwaMwari yakarova tsika uye zvetsika zvine nheyo vanhu. Voltaire akaedza popularize muFrance mukudzidzisa mitemo Newton kwakaita zvakasikwa, uye vakatsoropodza dzidziso "pfungwa chokuziva" pamusoro Descartes uye solipsism Berkeley. In dzidziso ruzivo Voltaire akavimba Locke uye Francis Bacon: ruzivo kwakavakirwa ruzivo, asi pane ruzivo mhedziso zvakadai masvomhu, tsika, uye pfungwa dzaMwari. Mumunda wepfungwa, muzivi taigovana mufashoni panguva iyoyo dzidziso kuti murume ari musoro mashandiro asina mweya, asi pamwe nahwo uye ungwaru.

simba wechipiri Mhedziso, izvo zvakasikwa uzivi Kujekerwa, uye ane anokumhan'arira pamusoro Voltaire, ndiro Jean-Zhak Russo. Inonyanya nomukurumbira mabasa ake vanoonekwa "Kufunga pamusoro Origin of kusaruramisira pakati vanhu", "The Social Contract" uye "Heloise New." Rousseau aidavira kuti huru uchityaira simba pamunhu haisi pfungwa, uye pfungwa, zvaisazogona akadai hana uye shasha. Rousseau akatsoropodza sainzi akararama uye maindasitiri, richitivimbisa kuti kupatsanura munhu kubva pakuzvarwa, achimuita chakagadzirwa zvinodiwa uye alienating vanhu nepedyo. Basa uzivi - uchitevedzera pakakoromoka ichi uye kuti vanhu vafare. Munhoroondo Rousseau vaiita pfungwa yacho "yendarama zera", kuparadzwa chaiyo. Kare, Chokwadi, nechekare, haugoni kudzoka, asi iwe unogona kanenge ubatanidzwewo akarurama zvinhu nokuda kupinda pasocial kondirakiti uye kutanga nenzanga zvakaenzana varidzi duku, kugadzirisa nyaya dzose kuburikidza referendum. Rousseau aivawo theorist kuti "rwokuzvarwa nevabereki" iri pamakumbo zvakasikwa, pasina kuomeserana kuumbwa uye muchechi vakanamatira pfungwa pauzima.

Kujekerwa Uzivi akapawo renyeredzi French materialists - La Mettrie, Helvetius, Holbach, Diderot. Holbach mu "System pamusoro Nature" akaderedza zvose mananara kuti inofamba zvinhu zvacho uye basa Lamettrie akabatanidza kwete motokari asiwo manzwiro, zvichireva kuvapo automatism zvepfungwa ( "murume - muchina"). Naivowo vakatsigira pfungwa emunhu kubva inorganic, "umambo" kuburikidza miriwo uye mhuka. Mumwe zviratidzo rechiFrench zvinhu nenguva yayo mupi werutemo: zvose zviri pasi mitemo nokudenga, hapana nyaya, hapana chinangwa uye chete chikonzero uye kushanda. Cognition, mu pfungwa dzavo, kwakavakirwa ruzivo, ari kuva kufunga, uye chinangwa chayo ndiye kuvandudzika wemunhu. Asi chikuru zvimiso zivo nezvekufadza kuti isu 'kunyoresa "nyika yakatipoteredza. Zvisinei, Somuenzaniso, Diderot, mukusiyana La Mettrie, vaidavira kuti munhu nehurongwa akadaro afanane, asi, kwete motokari, uye piyano, nokuti anoshandisa kwegadziriro zviratidzo, sezvo mutauro (uye zviratidzo anoenderana makiyi ari piyano). The Social muuzivi materialists ari maonero pfungwa youdyire, izvo zvinogona inokumbira zvakajairika zvido uye saka kuuya wose kufarira uye tsika.

Sezvo anenge vose Muzivi uyo akapa nyika muuzivi Kujekerwa, kuti pachavo kuti pfungwa uye zvakarurama pfungwa vanoumba yakakodzera evanhu, ivo vakasika chirongwa "Encyclopedia", chikuru ideologue uye mutariri chakanga Diderot. Akakwanisa kuunza pamwe chete zvose zviri Kujekerwa, sezvo materialists, deists uye kuti ivo zvakanyorwa nyaya dzose yesayenzi kubudirira dzinongoitika uye unhu, mberi maonero pamwe kutsoropodzwa nderechinyakare uye akapa mufananidzo pfungwa dzevanhu vose. Basa iri rakatanga nechido chikuru, asi zvino zvikuru vechikamu vakarega basa nokuda kwezvikonzero zvemari uye munyika hunhu. Ndoga, Diderot akakwanisa kuunza basa iri kusvika kumugumo uye kubudisa zvose 52 zvemaBhaibheri "Encyclopedia", nokupfupikisa zvose sayenzi yasvika XVII-XVIII emakore.