Chingwa: marudzi echingwa, kuumbwa, zvinobatsira zvinhu

Muchikamu chino tinoda kutaura pamusoro pechingwa. Chii ichocho? Chokutanga pane zvose, icho chigadzirwa chekudya chinowanikwa nekurapa kupisa. Izvo zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya nguva dzose mvura nemvura. Mukuwedzera, kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvinowedzera uye nhamba yakawanda yemarudzi echingwa.

Chingwa chii kwatiri?

Muzhinji, chingwa muhupenyu hwevanhu ndechekukosha kwenyika yose. Kune vanhu vazhinji, chigadzirwa chacho chikamu chetsika, mushure mezvose, nyika imwe neimwe ine mapeji ayo emarudzi ekugadzira kwayo. Ichi chigadzirwa chakaponesa vanhu kubva munzara munguva dzekutambudzika. Nokudaro, chingwa hachisi kungogadzirwa chete, asi chimiro chevanhu.

Ichi chigadzirwa chave chichizivikanwa nekuda kwezvinhu zvayo. Nheyo yaro ndeyekudya. Saka, kubva pairi munhu anogamuchira mapuroteni emishonga uye anokosha amino acids.

Mukuwedzera, chingwa chinobva B mavitamini, mineral, plant fiber, calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, iron uye phosphorus. Chigadzirwa chacho chakakwirira kwazvo mumakorikiti, yakazara mu-carbohydrates.

Mazuva ano vanhu havana mabasa makuru mumuviri muupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kunyanya kushandiswa kwechingwa hakuzombobatsiri zvakare. Nokudaro, zvinowanikwa kubva ku rye uye zvimwe zviyo zvakave zvakakurumbira. Mhando dzakadaro dzechingwa dzinovandudza kudya uye makhahydrates mukati mavo.

Chingwa chinogona kubatanidza ndiro, uye chinogona kuita sechimwe chigadzirwa. Pashure pezvose, tinowanzoshandisa sandwiches, casseroles, sandwiches. Mune mapoka emitambo yakasiyana, unogona kuwana nhamba yakanaka yezvokudya zvinoenderana nayo - pie yechingwa, jelly, soup chingwa.

Chikafu chenyika

Kune vanhu vese, chingwa hachisi chengetani chete, asiwo chikamu chetsika. Mapoka ehurumende akaumbwa kubva kare kare uye ane maitiro avo pachavo muzvikamu zvakasiyana zvenyika.

Pakutanga chingwa cheRussia ndicho chingwa che rye. Nhasi pane marudzi akawanda ehupfudze yakadaro kubva muupfu hwe rye, iyo yakakurumbira kune iyo "Merchant" uye "Borodino".

Kutaura pamusoro pechingwa, marudzi echingwa, tinofanira kunzwisisa kuti vanhu vese vane mapeji avo ekubika uye maonero avo pamakwenzi ayo.

MuItaly vanogadzirira rakakurumbira ciabatta. Iyi mbiriso chingwa chinobva muhupwa chena. Iyo yakasikwa yekubheka ndeyokuti inenge yakakura uye yakakura kwazvo pore mukati. Mukuwedzera, yakaiswa anyanisi, garlic, zvinonhuwira.

France inonyanya kuzivikanwa nemakumbo ayo, ayo asina zvishoma nezvingwa zviduku zviduku. Ita chingwa ichocho kubva pahupfu hwakatsetseka, kuitira kuti chichena kwazvo.

Kubva kuMediterranean takauya kwatiri pizza yakakurumbira. Ichi hachisi kunyange chingwa, asi chikafu chinobva pairi. Apo pizza chete yakaratidzwa, yakanga isina midziyo yakawanda kwazvo, yaive yekavirisi yechingwa yakagadzirwa ne tomato sauce uye yakasaswa neshizi. Pakutanga, yaidyirwa nevarombo varombo. Gare gare, yakachinja, yakawana mapeji akawanda.

Mazita anozivikanwa eIsraeri matzah, ayo akagadzirirwa kubva pachingwa chisina kumbobvira chaviriswa.

Kare kare, pita chingwa chakagadzirwa muCaucasus. Inotaridzika sekeke shoma, asi inoibikira muchoto chebwe. MuCentral Asia, chingwa, chakafanana nechavash, chinobika muvhenji chaiyo - tandyr.

Zvinokwanisika kutaura nguva isingaperi chingwa, marudzi echingwa mumarudzi akasiyana. Chinhu chikuru ndechekuti pamberi pemunhu chero upi zvake chaive chikonzero chekudya. Iye zvino vakawanda vanozvipedza ivo pachavo mukushandisa kwayo, vachitora mhuka, uye vachiiisa nemimwe michina.

Chingwa: Marudzi echingwa

Kutaura pamusoro pechingwa, inofanira kuonekwa kuti inowanzogoverwa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana: dema, ghena, chena.

Kuti zvive zvakanyatsosiyana zvakasiyana-siyana, zvinonzwisisika kutora sechikonzero chehupfu hwehupfu hwakagadzirirwa. Kubudirira kubva pane izvi, zvinokwanisika kugovera marudzi akadaro:

1. Gorosi (chichena).
2. Gorosi-rye (grey).
3. Rye.
4. Yese-zviyo.

Zvimwe, zvichida, zvakakosha kugovera pane yakakurumbira iye zvino pakati pevatengi chingwa. Saka, chingwa chechingwa chinogadzirwa kubva kuhupfu hwakachena hwegorosi, asi kubva pane imwe pfumbu. Mune izvi, chaizvoizvo, musiyano wose. Zvechokwadi, zvinosvika kunonaka kwazvo uye zvinonhuhwirira, izvo zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa.

Ngatitorei zvakanyatsoona chikamu chimwe chechingwa.

Gorosi chingwa

Ichi chingwa chakachena, chinobva muupfu hwegorosi. Unhu hwahwo hunoenderana zvikuru nemhando yeupfu yakatorwa pakugadzirira kwayo. Pamusoro pezvakanakisisa, chingwa chakachena chakaisvonaka .

Kusiyana kwakasiyana-siyana kunogona kuva nezvimwe zvinowedzera: bran, cocoa, mbeu yezuva. Asi kazhinji korosi yegorosi yakabikwa kubva pahupfu hwepamusoro. Yakapfuma mu magnesium, calcium, starch. Ndeupi uyo kubika kwakadaro kunobatsira? Zvakanaka kune vanhu avo vane matambudziko nekugunzva kana kuvonda kwepamu.

Zvingwa zvakasiyana-siyana zve rye

Rye rinogara riri chingwa chakaonda. Hazviwanzogadziriswa nemhando imwechete yeupfu, sekutonga, kusanganiswa kwegorosi-rye kunoshandiswa pakubika. Izvo zviyero zvinogona kunge zvakasiyana. Tinogona kutaura kuti furu yega yega yakawanda, iyo inofanirwa kuve yakabikwa. Iine maminera akawanda, vitamini, fiber, iyo inoderedza huwandu hweglucose muropa, inodzora chirwere chekudya.

Kazhinji chingwa chinowanikwa pachitengesi, chinosanganisira rye rega 60%, uye makumi mana - zvegorosi yegorosi. Kubva pakuenzana kunoenderana nekuonekwa.

Imwe yekutsanya chingwa inobva pahupfu yega yega. Inobatsira zvikuru uye inenge yakawanda ye fiber. Sezvo mutemo, unoshandiswa nevanhu vanoda kuora muviri. Uye hazvina ngozi. Ichokwadi ndechokuti chingwa chakadaro chinokurumidza kupedza zvirongwa zvemagetsi. Zvisinei, chigadzirwa ichi chakakosha kugadzira, uye naizvozvo hachina kukodzera munhu wese. Mune zvimwe, zvinogona kukonzera matambudziko nedumbu.

Chikafu chinonaka uye chinonyanya kukosha chinoitwa kubva muupfu hwakakwana. Mapapiro nemaapuro, kumini, molasses uye uchi zvakakurumbira zvikuru. Nenzira, rudzi rwekubika nekumini runonzi ChiLithuania. Muchitoro unogona kuwana chingwa cheTurkey, umo maiswa marimu nemazambiringa akaomeswa.

Muzhinji, chingwa chake chichave chakanaka kuvanhu avo vane high cholesterol, uye kurota kwokurasikirwa.

Chibage uye chingwa chegorosi

Chigadziko - ichi chingwa chisina kuchena, chakafuma mu fiber. Iyo ine zvishoma zvishoma, asi yakazara mavitamini A, B, D.

Yese-yegorosi yakagadzirwa kubva paupfu hwakakodzera. Sei ichinzi mbeu yakazara? Hongu, nokuti hazvifaniswi, i.e. asati gaya nemafuta, usabvisa rutivi rwekunze, iro rine mavitamini nemaminerari. Kubva pahupfu hwakatsetseka hwakadaro huchitsinhanisa hutete uye hugumburwa pasi, hahuna kuparara uye kwenguva refu hahukure stale. Chii chakanaka? Mushure mokudya kwenguva yakareba iwe usingadi kudya, kunouya nguva refu inonzwa satiety. Chingwa chakadaro chinobatsira pamwoyo uye zvirwere zvevascular, chirwere cheshuga, chinonyanya kukosha kune vanhu vari kudya kana kune avo vanogara vachigadzirisa uremu hwavo.

Teknolojia yekugadzirwa kwechingwa

Kubvira pakutanga kwekuonekwa kwebhabheri izvi zvinoda kubva kumunhu kushivirira uye kushingaira. Kunyange nemichina yezuva ranhasi, kugadzirwa kwechingwa ibasa rakaoma.

Iyo nzira inosanganisira zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana:

1. Kugadzirira kwezvisungo. Uku ndiko kupeta kweupfu, uye kusanganiswa kwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana, kushanda ne gluten.
2. Kusanganisa mukanyiwa.
3. Kuvandudza nzira yekuvirisa uye kusunungura.
4. Kuparadzanisa muedzo mukuenzana.
5. Kuumba mavara.
6. Baking.
7. Kuchenesa.
8. Packaging for storage.

Kugadzirwa kwechingwa kunosanganisira kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakadai semiti, upfu, mbiriso, munyu. Kuti uwedzere tambo, zvimwe zvinoshandiswa zvinogona kuwedzerwa: mukaka, batare, treacle, shuga, poppy, malt, zvinonhuwira.

Kugadzirirwa kwehuta kunenge makumi manomwe kubva muzana yehutano hwose. Kubva panzvimbo ino inokosha inofanirwa kana chingwa chinonaka chichibuda kana kwete.

Nzira dzekugadzira poda

Dhaka rechingwa rinogona kugadzirirwa nenzira mbiri: risina tariro uye rakaparadzwa.

Nzira inonhuwira inosanganisira kugadzirirwa kweapaire. Kuti uite izvi, funganya hafu yeupfu uye 2/3 yemvura kubva pane zvakataurwa muchepe. Sezvo isu tiri kugadzirira chingwa kwechingwa, zvino isai mumusanganiswa kana vakabika gorosi. Nokubika kwebiki rinoshandisa mbiriso. Opara inofanira kumira mukugadzirwa kwekuvirisa kubva kwemaawa maviri kusvika mana pakushambidza kwemairi makumi maviri nemanomwe kusvika kune makumi matatu. Asi mushure meizvi wedzerai zvose zvakasara zvinoshandiswa uye bvisai mukanyiwa.

Kana iyo nzira isina kubhadhara, zvose zvinoshandiswa zvinotsanangurwa mumutsara zvinosanganiswa kamwechete. Munyika iyi, mukanyiwa unogara kwemaawa matatu kusvika mana, uye iyo yakabikwa.

Panewo teknolojia yekucheka mukanwa, umo chegumi cheupfu hwakabikwa nemvura inopisa.

Ndinofanira kutaura kuti nzira yekuvhura ndiyo inowanikwa pasi rose. Anenge pose pose mukugadzira vanoshandisa ivo chete. Iyi nzira inosimudzira nzira yekugadzirira, asi inogonawo kutambura. Asi nzira yekucheka inoita kuti zvive nyore kugadzirira chingwa chinonaka, chisina kuchena, kwenguva refu chisingaregi.

Pakupera kwezana remakore rechimakumi maviri, nzira dzemazuva ano dzekubheka dzakaonekwa.

Micronisation inoshandiswa chete kune zvimwe zviyo. Nzira yacho inobva pakushandiswa kwemasikati emhepo, izvo zvinokonzera kuti zviyo zvigadziwe chete pamutengo wekugadzirisa kwayo. Iyo inokurumidza kupisa inogadziridza inochengetedza huwandu hwakawanda hwezvibereko muhuki.

Extrusion - zviyo zvinoshandiswa pasi pesimba. Izvo zvinoshandiswa zvinoshandiswa nekombiyuta inoputika. Kupisa uye kuomesa pakarepo pirisa.

Historical digression

Nhasi, kwatiri, zvinowanzoita kuti chingwa chigadziridzwe pamusana pezvirimwa zvinomera. Zvisinei, vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanoti izvi hazvisi nguva dzose. Uye chingwa chokutanga chakanga chakaitwa kubva kumapuranga. Panguva iyoyo, pakanga pasina kushayikwa kwavo, uye kuunganidza kwavo hakuna kudikanwa. Vanhu vakadzidza kugadzirira zvokudya zvinovaka kubva kwavari.

Pano panewo shanduro yechipiri, maererano nezvake chingwa chekutanga chakagadzirwa kushandisa nuts.

Kugadzirwa kwebheka kubva muzviyo kwakangoitika pasina ngozi. Chiratidzo chechingwa chemazuva ano chakatanga kuonekwa munguva yeNeolithic. Pakutanga vakanga vari zvipembenene zvepamusoro. Vakanga vakagadzirirwa nevaSterian vekare nevaEgipita. Uye gare gare muEgypt vanhu vagara vauya vachiuya kune kukura kwegorosi, vachitsvaga kuti vabudirire maitiro avo akanaka. Ipapo vaIjipita vakagadzira nzira yekugadzira chingwa chinobva mbiriso. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti muzana remakore rechigumi nemanomwe BC BC vakanga vatokwanisa kukwanisa kunwa doro, zvichida izvi zvakavatungamirira kune pfungwa yekushandisa kuvuta kwekugadzira bundu.

Nokukurumidza zvikuru unyanzvi hwebhabheri hwakapararira munyika yose. Chikonzero chezvigadzirwa zvechingwa mumazuva iwayo zvakashandiswa neyezvirimwa zvezviyo zvakagoverwa munzvimbo. Asi mbiriso yakatorwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana. Inogona kunge yakanyoroveswa newaini, uye mabhakitiriya emunharaunda. Unyanzvi hwekubheka chingwa hwakashandurwa uye hwakagadziriswa pamusoro pezviuru zvemakore, asi kusvikira nhasi mazamu epepeti ipi neipi yeupfu hwezvirimwa, mbiriso nemvura.

Nhoroondo yechitarisiko chechingwa chega

Historical mazano anoratidza kuti chiRussia chikafu chechingwa chiri kubika chete kubva muupfu hwa rye. Chikafu chine tsvuku chakaonekwa muRus pedyo nezana remakore rechigumi nerimwe. Ndicho chikonzero ichi chigadzirwa chakawira murudo nemiganhu yese: vapfumi, varombo uye vanogara pakati.

Asi kunze kwenyika, chingwa chechingwa chinopedzwa chete nechezasi mapoka, ndiko kuti, varombo. MuRussia ivo vakabata chigadzirwa nenzira yakasiyana zvachose. Chikafu chine tsvuku chaifungidzirwa zvachose chetsika. Zvichida izvi ndezvokuti mamiriro okunze anonyanya kufarira rye kupfuura zvimwe zvirimwa.

Muzana remakore gumi nemazana nemakumi mashanu nemashanu muRussia kwaive kune marudzi akawanda ehuyu hwechingwa: Borodinsky, custard, krasnoselsky. Izvi zvipfeko zvakapona kusvikira nhasi, asi zvakasvika kwatiri zvakanyatsobva panguva iyoyo iri kure.

Rye yechingwa inonwisa uye ine utano. Inoderedza cholesterol, shuga yeropa. Kubatanidzwa kwekutanga uye fiber kunogadzira microflora yakanaka.

Panzvimbo yemushure

Sezvaunogona kuona, nguva dzose chikonzero chekudya chave chiri chingwa. Mhando dzechingwa zvino dzakasiyana kwazvo, mumwe nomumwe anogona kusarudza zvakasiyana siyana, zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nemuviri.