Chii mapuroteni? Mienzaniso nyore uye kunzwisisa mapuroteni

Kuti tinzwisise kukosha ndivo mapuroteni, zvakatikwanira kuyeuka yaizivikanwa okuti Fridriha Engelsa: ". Upenyu - nzira kuvapo mapuroteni miviri" Kutaura zvazviri, munyika idzi zvinhu kuwedzera nucleic acids, kukonzera zvose kuratidzwa nyaya mhenyu. Pepa rino, tichawana kuti inoitwa mapuroteni, kudzidza chii hunomubatsira nayo anoita uyewo havatsananguri STRUCTURAL zvaiva zvakasiyana kwemarudzi.

Peptides - zvikuru yakarongwa Polymers

Zvechokwadi, mune chipenyu muchitokisi sezvo chirimwa uye mhuka mapuroteni quantitatively koshesa pamusoro mumwe Organic zvinhu, uyewo anoshanda vakawanda zvakasiyana mabasa. Ivo mubasa zvakasiyana chinokosha cellular urongwa, akadai kufamba, kudzivirirwa, aramu nerevane zvichingodaro. Somuenzaniso, mune tsandanyama rinenge mhuka uye vanhu peptides vanoumba 85% kurema akaoma nyaya, uye mapfupa uye dermis - kubva 15-50%.

All cellular uye zvinyama mapuroteni akaumbwa amino acids (20 mhando). nhamba yavo zvipenyu anogara kuenzana makumi marudzi. Various mubatanidzwa peptide monomers vaite zvakasiyana-siyana mapurotini zvakasikwa. Zvinofungidzirwa yokuongorora zvomuchadenga nhamba 2x10 ¹⁸ zvichibvira mhuka. In nemakemikari omuviri polypeptides inonzi macromolecular utachiona Polymers - macromolecules.

Amino acids - mapuroteni monomers

All 20 Mhando idzi makemikari zviri mapuroteni uye STRUCTURAL dzakabatana vane zvavo payakavakirwa NH ₂ -R-COOH. Vane amphoteric Organic zvinhu inokwanisa kushandisa zvose zvinokosha uye acidic zvivako. mapuroteni nyore kwete chete, asiwo kunzwisisa, ane anonzi chinokosha amino acids. Asi zvinokosha monomers, akadai valine, lysine, methionine chinogona kuwanikwa bedzi vamwe marudzi belkov.Takie mapuroteni kunzi mukuru-mugiredhi.

Naizvozvo, zvinoratidza polymer kufungwa kwete chete kuti vazhinji amino acids ndiyo mapuroteni, asiwo vorudzii monomers vari vakabatana peptide zvisungo zviri macromolecule. Wedzera kuti zvisingakoshi amino acids akadai asparagine, glutamic acid, cysteine anogona vakazvimiririra synthesized mumasero vanhu nemhuka. Essential monomers vari mapuroteni achibudiswa utachiona, zvinomera uye hunokuvadza. Vakauya heterotrophic zvinenge chete nezvokudya.

Sezvo yabereka polypeptide

Sezvo zvinozivikanwa, 20 akasiyana amino acids zvinogona machira kuti muzvizhinji pamusoro zvemarudzi mapuroteni mamorekuru. Sei nokusungwa monomers pamwe mumwe? Zvinoita sokuti carboxyl uye amine mapoka pedyo amino acids nhema nekutaurirana. A inonzi peptide zvisungo, uye mvura mamorekuru dzinounzwa somunhu byproduct pamusoro polycondensation kuita. The zvichiguma mapuroteni Morekuru chinosanganisira amino asidhi residues uye yokudzokorora. peptide zvisungo. Saka ivo vanonziwo polypeptides.

Kazhinji, mapuroteni anogona yokungokumbira chete asi kakawanda polypeptide nengetani uye panofanira zviuru zvakawanda amino asidhi residues. Uyezve, zviri nyore mapuroteni uye vari proteid vanokwanisa kuomesa kwavo spatial configuration. Izvi zvinoita kwete chete chikuru, asi chesekondari, tertiary uye kunyange quaternary marongerwo. Ngationgororei izvi zvizere. Kuramba kuongorora mubvunzo chii chinoumba puroteni, tsvaka izvo configuration ane macromolecule ichi. Takaona kuti dzine munhu muzvizhinji kuti covalent kwemakemikari zvisungo ane polypeptide cheni. Hazvina mamiriro ichi anonzi chepuraimari.

It unokosha basa quantitative uye Qualitative Zvinoumba amino acids, uyewo kutevedzana nezvezvakanga yavo. Secondary mamiriro zvauya panguva yacho akamonyoroka. It nechokumusoro zhinji dzichangobva zvichiitika rehydrogen zvisungo.

Yepamusoro nhanho mapuroteni sangano

Tertiary Chimiro ndiyo pamusana kavha zononoka mune muchimiro bhora - globules, semuenzaniso, tsandanyama mapuroteni myoglobin jira ane chete spatial maumbirwo yakadaro. It zvinotsigirwa sezvo richangobva kuumbwa nevanhu rehydrogen zvisungo, uye disulfide zvisungo (kana cysteine residues zvinosanganisira wandei mapuroteni Morekuru). Quaternary fomu - ndiwo mugumisiro tichibatanidza kuva chete mamiriro dzakawanda mapuroteni globules kubudikidza mhando itsva mukukurukurirana, zvakadai hydrophobic kana electrostatic. Pamwe chete peptides uye quaternary marongerwo zvinosanganisira nonproteinaceous mugove. Izvi zvingava magnesium ions, simbi, mhangura kana residues orthophosphate kana nucleic acids, uye lipids.

Features mapuroteni biosynthesis

Isu kare vakawana chii inoitwa mapuroteni. Zvinonzi yakavakwa amino asidhi kutevedzana. gungano ravo rive polypeptide cheni kuitika ribosomes - dzisiri Kamudzira organelles, chirimwa uye mhuka masero. Mune biosynthesis ari Morekuru dzinoitawo mashoko uye chinja RNA. Wokutanga ndiwo template kuti mapuroteni gungano uye irikupa wechipiri siyana amino acids. Pane dambudziko iri nedanho cellular biosynthesis, kureva, mapuroteni ine nucleotides kana amino acids? Mhinduro iri nyore - the polypeptides zvose nyore uye kunzwisisa ine amphoteric Organic yeimwe - amino acids. In upenyu kunoita masero , pane nguva kwayakaita apo puroteni usage inoitika kushingaira kunyanya. Izvi zvinonzi Danho J1 uye j2 interphase. Panguva ino, sero ari kushingaira kukura uye inoda yakawanda chivakwa zvinhu, inova mapuroteni. Uyezve, somugumisiro mitotic nemagumo chimiro maviri mwanasikana masero, chimwe nechimwe inoda yakawanda Organic zvinhu Zvisinei mune migero kumeso endoplasmic reticulum rinoshanda kwetunhu lipids uye makabhohaidhiretsi, uye granular EPM kunoitika biosynthesis kwemapurotini.

Mashandiro anoita mapuroteni

Kuziva chii chinoita ane puroteni, rinogona kutsanangurwa se guru-siyana kwemarudzi ezvinhu, uye nemamwe zvivako pakuona izvi zvinhu. Mapuroteni kuita ari keji akasiyana-siyana mashandiro, akadai pakuvaka, sezvo chikamu membranes masero ose uye organelles: mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, Golgi yakaoma, uye zvichingodaro. peptides akadai gamoglobuliny kana antibody - mienzaniso nyore mapuroteni kuti aite rwokudzivirira basa. Nemamwe mashoko, cellular kutapata - ndiwo mugumisiro zviito izvi zvinhu. A kunzwisisa mapuroteni - keyhole, pamwe Chizenga, anoita mhuka chokufambisa basa, kureva, anotakura okisijeni muropa. Zvichikurukura mapuroteni anoumba sero Kamudzira, sero ruzivo kugovera pamusoro zvinhu, kuedza kwake cytoplasm. Sealbumin peptide ndiye anokonzera zvinhu parameters ropa Somuenzaniso, nemano ayo clot. Protein ovalbumin Nehunde mazai ari keji, uye kwainyanya nezvinovaka muviri.

Mapuroteni - hwaro sero cytoskeleton

Chimwe chinokosha mashandiro anoita peptides - rutsigiro. Zvakakosha chaizvo kuti tirambe chimiro uye bhuku masero mapenyu. Vanonzi yakarongeka submembrane - microtubules uye microfilaments zvakanyatsobatana iumbe womukati marangwanda kwamakamuri. Mapuroteni zvinosanganisirei sezvamunoita dzavo, semuenzaniso, tubulin, unogona nyore kuti compressed uye rwakatambanudzwa. Izvi zvinobatsira sero kuramba chimiro kwayo zvemaziso deformations.

In chirimwa masero, pamwe mapuroteni hyaloplasm, kutsigira basa uyewo anoshanda tambo cytoplasm - plasmodesmata. Achipfuura pores muchitokisi parusvingo, ivo kuti ukama pakati dzinoverengeka zvinozvikonzera cellular hurongwa kuti vanoumba chirimwa tishu.

Makemikari - a fuma mapuroteni hunhu

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha ehupfumi kwemapurotini - zvazvinoita pane mwero nemakemikari. Basic mapuroteni vanokwanisa aoma denature - unwinding muitiro macromolecule mu tertiary kana quaternary marongerwo. The chaizvo chete Chain polypeptide haisi kuputswa. Mienzaniso denaturation irimo zvose chiratidzo uye ari CATALYTIC kushanda puroteni. Ekupedzisira pfuma ndiyo mano makemikari kufurira mwero nokukanganisika siyana vari neerekitironi cytoplasm nemasero. Peptides kuti, Ukuwo, zvinoderedza mwero kwemakemikari pezvakaitwa haana kunzi makemikari uye FIs. Somuenzaniso, zviri nyore mapuroteni Catalase ane enzayemu iyo Inowedzera kukamurwa rehydrogen peroxide ose zvine chepfu. Anogadzirwa sezvo mugumo chigadzirwa vazhinji nemakemikari. Catalase Inowedzera kwayo dziripo kuti kwazvakarerekera zvinhu, mvura uye okisijeni.

ehupfumi kwemapurotini

The peptides dzinoiswa munzira dzakawanda. Somuenzaniso, panyaya mvura inogona rakakamurwa hydrophilic uye hydrophobic. Temperature uyewo zvakasiyana sei marongerwo uye zvivako zviri puroteni mamorekuru. Somuenzaniso, puroteni mapuroteni - bvudzi uye chikamu chipikiri angakudzivisai tembiricha zvose pasi uye yakakwirira, i.e. iri thermolabile. Asi puroteni ovalbumin, ambotaurwa, kana neshungu kuti 80-100 ° C rinoparadzwa zvachose. Izvi zvinoreva kuti akatsemura kupinda chikuru nemamiriro amino asidhi residues. Izvi zvinonzi kuparadzwa. Chero mamiriro ezvinhu, hatina kusika, ari chizvarwa muchimiro puroteni rinodzokera asingagoni. Motor mapuroteni - actin uye milozin chipo mune tsandanyama fibers. chinjana marwadzo avo uye kutandara ndiyo hwaro tsandanyama basa.