Mutauro chaiko - zviri ... History wokuRussia mutauro chaiko

mutauro chaiko - ndeimwe paiva rakanyorwa imwe vanhu, uye dzimwe nguva zvakawanda. Kureva, mumutauro ichi pane dzidzo, kunyora, kuenzanirana nekutendawo vamwe pakugarisana, kuti pave zvitupa-bhizimisi, mabasa dzesayenzi, ingano, nhau, uye zvimwe kuratidzwa zvose ounyanzvi, varehwa nemashoko, kazhinji akanyorwa, asi dzimwe nguva nemumuromo . Naizvozvo akasiyana nomuromo-zvakataurwa uye zvakanyorwa-bhuku chimiro mutauro chaiko. kudyidzana kwavo, uye kuwanikwa reshiyo inozviisa zvimwe mitemo nyaya.

tsananguro Different

mutauro chaiko - kutanga iyo yazvo nenzira zvinonzwisiswa nemasayendisiti siyana. Vamwe vanodavira kuti ndiyo nyika yose, asi tenzi kupatsanurwa mashoko, kureva vanyori. Vanotsigira izvi mupfungwa zvikurukuru pfungwa mutauro chaiko, achitaura nguva itsva, uye panguva imwecheteyo vanhu neufumi kumiririrwa mu yokunyepera. Nokuti vamwe, mutauro chaiko - bhuku, basa anosangana matauriro avanoita, kureva ataura mutauro. Tsigira dudziro iyi ndiyo mitauro ine Manyorero refu. Uyezve vamwe vanodavira kuti chinhu mutauro kwose chinokosha kune imwe vanhu, vakasiyana jargon uye tumitauro kuti havana zvakasikwa kukosha yakadaro. mutauro chaiko - nguva dzose pamusana vadyi okusika basa vanhu. Ndizvo rondedzero pfupi pamusoro pfungwa.

Ukama siyana tumitauro

Cherechedzai inofanira kubhadharwa kuti nekuita kuwirirana pakati tumitauro uye mutauro chaiko. Nheyo siyana tumitauro mudanga zvenhoroondo, mutauro chaiko kwakaoma zvikuru chokubatanidza pakutaura nhengo dzose dzorudzi. Kusvikira zvino tumitauro vakabudirira kukwikwidzana obscheliteraturnogo mutauro munyika dzakawanda, dzakadai Indonesia, Italy.

Pfungwa riri kushanda mitauro zvitaera kuripo mumiganhu chero mutauro. Dzinomirira siyana, izvo zvave kare uye umo pane unhu. Vamwe vavo zvingadzokororwa mune dzimwe zvitaera siyana, asi basa iri mhando uye yakananga mubatanidzwa zvinhu kusiyanisa manyorerwo umwe kubva kune umwe. Nhasi, vakawanda vatakuri vachishandisa kwezuva nezuva uye zvokukurukura chimiro.

Kusiyana kukura mutauro chaiko munyika dzakasiyana

KuMiddle Ages uye munguva dzazvino kubudikidza dzakasiyana marudzi nhoroondo mutauro chaiko dzakabudirira zvakasiyana. Enzanisa Somuenzaniso, basa rakanga pamwe rechiLatin netsika Latins German uye mangwanani Middle Ages, kuti mabasa anoitwa muEngland, chiFrench pamberi remakore rechi14, nesungano pakati Latin, Czech, mutauro Polish muzana remakore rechi16, etc.

Kukura necheSalvic mitauro

Munguva apo vakaumba uye vakava rudzi, akaumba kubatana mabhuku dzemunharaunda. Izvi zvinoitika kazhinji munguva norunyoro rwokutanga, asi dzimwe nguva izvi zvinogona kuitika panguva imwe chete uye kunyora uye nomuromo. The Russian State 16-17 emakore akanga nguva basa canonization uye streamlining zvebhizimisi mitemo mutauro mamiriro pamwe nokuumbwa dzakafanana zvinodiwa anotaurwa Moscow. The chete kwacho kunoitika mune dzimwe necheSalvic nyika, apo pane chinoshingaira kukura mutauro chaiko. Nokuti Serbian uye Bulgarian zviri ishoma, sapamazuva Serbia uye Bulgaria haana ezvinhu inosimudzira kutanga mabhizimisi Stationery uye mutauro hurumende iri National hwaro. Russian uyewo Polish uye kusvika pamwero Czech muenzaniso National necheSalvic mutauro chaiko, izvo akaramba kuonana kunyora yekare.

Akava kugovera nzira yakare tsika mutauro National - ndiye Serbo-Croatian uye Ukrainian chikamu. Uyezve, pane necheSalvic mitauro, izvo zvisina yakatanga dzose. Pane imwe padanho chiitiko ichi chakange hwakakanganiswa, saka kwaita National mitauro peculiarities mune dzimwe nyika kwakaita kuti yokumbozorora tsaru, akwegura tsika akanyorwa kana gare gare - muMakedhonia, Belarusian mitauro. Ngatikurukurei muudzame munhoroondo mutauro chaiko munyika yedu.

Nhoroondo Russian mutauro chaiko

Dangwe mabhuku Zvivako kuti zvakachengetedzwa, musi kudzokera remakore rechi11. The kutendeuka kwacho uye paumbwe Russian mutauro 18-19 emakore kwakaitika pahwaro kwayo kurwisa French - nechavakuru mutauro. In mabasa Russian mabhuku Classics vave zvikuru kudzidza zvinhu ake, nezvimiro matsva mutauro vakanga hwakatangwa. Writers akasimbisa upfumi hwake uye akanongedza zvazvakanakira noruremekedzo kuti mitauro yokumwe. On nyaya iyi, kusawirirana kazhinji muka. It inozivikanwa Somuenzaniso, spores uye slavophiles pakati dzokumadokero. Gare gare, munguva Soviet, zvakanzi akasimbisa kuti mutauro wedu - mutauro wevanhu vaivaka chiKomonizimu sezvo mumazuva Stalin kutonga vanotova rose kurwisa cosmopolitanism mumabhuku Russian. Zvino mberi kuumba nhoroondo Russian mutauro chaiko munyika yedu, nokuti kunoitika akaramba kuchinja.

ngano

Ngano muchimiro mashoko, zvirevo, Ngano, rengano midzi munhau kure. Mimwe ngano apfuura kubva kumarudzi namarudzi, kubva shoko mumuromo, uye zviri zvomucheka Tuning vavo kuitira kuti chete chinonyanya akaramba akatsiga anofambidzana uye siyana ari yoku- mutauro sezvo mutauro yakatanga.

Uye pashure rakasvika runyoro, yakapfuurira kurarama KuMasiye. Kuti murimi mudiki ngano munguva dzazvino Wakawedzerwa guta uye basa, uyewo mbavha (kureva mujeri-musasa) uye hondo. Ngano nhasi inonyanya kumiririrwa mu majee. Rinotaurawo kunokanganisa akanyorwa mutauro chaiko.

Sezvazvakanga yakatanga kare Rus mutauro chaiko?

Distribution uye pakatanga kunyora kuRussia, izvo zvakazoita kuti paumbwe mutauro chaiko, Kazhinji chokuita mazita Cyril naMethodius.

In Novgorod nemamwe maguta mukufamba vemazera 11-15 vakanga Birch kuhukura. The chikuru Chikamu yasara ndiyo private tsamba dzaiva yezvakaita dzemabhizimisi, uyewo magwaro akadai dare records, zvikwereti waakazvitengesa, pakutengeserana, nezvido. Kunewo chevarwere (mirayiridzo upfumi, namano, chikoro majee, runofarira), mabhuku uye zvechitendero magwaro, uyewo kurekodha, aipfeka kurovedza hunhu (zvevana scribbles uye vanodhirowa, kurovedza chikoro, dzokuchengetera, Morse).

Akatanga mugore 863 hama Cyril naMethodius Church kwechiSlavonic arufabheti kwaibva mutauro akadai Old Church kwechiSlavonic, iyo yakaitika panguva kwezana South necheSalvic tumitauro, kana kuti, kubva mutauro wekare Bulgarian, ayo Macedonian mutauro. The mabhuku basa rehama idzi rainyanya rakashandurwa mabhuku Old uye Testamende Itsva. vadzidzi vavo yakashandurwa kubva muchiGiriki mu Old Church mabhuku ezvitendero. Mamwe masayendisiti anodavira kuti Kirill I Mefody akatanga Glagolitic uye Cyrillic tsamba vasiri, uye yokupedzisira yambokurukurwa nevadzidzi vavo.

Church kwechiSlavonic

Mutauro bhuku, pane zvataurwa, aiva Church. Chakapararira pakati necheSalvic pemarudzi mazhinji, iyo akaita mutauro tsika dzechechi. Church kwechiSlavonic Literature vakapararira muMoravia panguva kumadokero Slavs, muRomania, Bulgaria uye Serbia - kumaodzanyemba, muna Czech Republic, Croatia, wallachia, uyewo Russia, pamwe kuitwa chiKristu. mutauro Church kwechiSlavonic kwakanga kwakasiyana chaizvo kubva ataura magwaro akanga pasi ari matsamba kuchinja zvishoma nezvishoma Russified. Words vava kusvika Russian vakatanga kuratidza zvinhu yo veko tumitauro.

Wokutanga girama mabhuku akanga rakanyorwa 1596 Zinaniem Lawrence muna 1619 - Meletios Smotritskaya. Pakupera kwezana remakore rechi17 yakanga atopedzwa muitiro wezvamatongerwe mutauro akadai Church.

Rechi18 - the kuchinja mutauro chaiko

MV Lomonosov muzana remakore rechi18 vakaitwa rinokosha kuchinja mutauro chaiko munyika, uyewo ezvinhu versification. Akanyora ari 1739 tsamba umo akagadzira mirayiridzo inokosha versification. Lomonosov, achikakavadzana Trediakovskij, akanyora nezvokukosha kusunga simba mutauro wedu pane kukwereta kubva dzimwe zvirongwa zvakasiyana. Maererano Mikhail Vasilyevich, achinyora nhetembo anogona kuva tsoka zhinji: maviri-mabhii (trochaic, iambe), ternary (amphibrach, anapaest, dactyl), asi aidavira kuti weboka kubudikidza Sponda uye pyrrhics zvakaipa.

Uyezve, Lomonosov aivawo girama nesayenzi yomutauro wokuRussia. Akarondedzera mubhuku rake rinonzi, mikana yake uye upfumi. The girama akanga ikazobudiswazve 14 nguva uye matongosika hwaro ramangwana rimwe basa - girama siginicha (rakanyorwa muna 1771), uyo aiva mudzidzi Mikhail Vasilyevich.

The ano mabhuku mutauro munyika yedu

musiki Its anoti Aleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin, ane mabasa - pamusoro mabhuku munyika yedu. chinyorwa ichi richiri kushanda, asi mumakore mazana maviri nemakore mumutauro yave kuchinja kukuru, uye nhasi kuonekwa pachena manyorero kusiyana pakati mutauro akararama uye rurimi Pushkin. Pasinei nokuti mitemo ano mutauro mabhuku nhasi yachinja, tichiri kufunga izvozvo muenzaniso chibereko Alexander.

Mudetembi pachake Zvichakadaro akanongedza basa guru paumbwe mutauro chaiko, NM Karamzin, sezvo munyori iri rinobwinya wenhoroondo, maererano Alexander, vasunungurwe joko mumwe mutauro Russian uye akavazve rusununguko rwake.