Chii kutambudzwa Geological nguva?

Chii pamwero wenyika Geological nguva? Nokuti izvo zvakanga zvakasikwa? On mimwe mibvunzo iyi uye uchawana mhinduro munyaya. Geological nguva chikero (stratigraphic pamwero) anonzi rwepanyama rapanzvimbo Geological nhoroondo Nyika. It rinoshandiswa paleontology uye zvemaumbirwo - imwe mhando wekarenda nokuda zvikuru zvikamu nguva.

Zera redu

Hauzivi chii geochronological pamwero wenyika Geological nguva? Nyanzvi zera Nyika vanofungidzirwa pa mabhiriyoni 4,6 makore. On redu, takawana mamineral matombo kuti raigona akaonawo zvisikwa zvayo. Kuderedza akwegura Nyika ipfupi nokusingaperi dzokutanga zviumbu yakasimba yedu yemapuraneti ino - refractory inclusions akapfuma calcium aruminiyamu (cai) ari carbonaceous chondrites.

Zvichitevera migumisiro yepamusoro yokuedzwa uranium exchange-kutungamirira nzira cai makore Allende meteorite ndiwo makore 4.568.500.000. Pari, izvozvo ipfungwa wemakore zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri ichaongororwa kupfuura yakarurama. Earth inogona kuumbwa zvikuru paya pane iyi - mashoma makumi kana kunyange mazana emamiriyoni kwemakore.

Geological nguva chikero - rakanaka kunakidza zvinhu. Zvakazoitwa nguva zvamboitika rakakamurwa dzakasiyana nguva zvikamu. miganhu dzavo sei zviitiko rinokosha kuti kwakaitika.

Muganhu pakati Phanerozoic hunobuda panguva mikuru shanduka mananara - yose kutsakatika. Kubva Mesozoic Paleozoic akaparadzanisa guru munhoroondo paNyika Triassic-permovym kunyangarika mhuka. Cainozoe uye Mezozoic vakakamura choko-paleogene zvibviswe.

Nyaya pakafunuka

It akasika munhu Geological nguva dzose? Nomenclature uye vakuru vakuru oruzhinji aripo geochronological dzakabatana vakagamuchirwa muna 1881-1900 gg. II-VII kune zvirongwa Vamarudzi Akasiyana-siyana Geological Congress. Next World geochronological pamwero nguva akanatswa.

The nguva anotaurwa pamusoro siyana chikonzero. Inonyanyoshandiswa kushandiswa mazita nenzvimbo. Saka, zita racho Devonian nguva wakabva County pakati Devonshire muEngland, Jurassic - kubva European Jura makomo, Permian - guta Perm, uye yeCambrian - kubva muchiLatin. Cambria, mazita Wales.

Vendian, Silurian uye Ordovician nzendo dziri kutumidzwa mazita amarudzi yekare. Mazita chokuita howa sezvamunoita, handina kashoma inoshandiswa. Coal ichikosha saka ainzi nokuda kuwanda marasha vazvo, uye choko - nokuda popularization yokunyora nesuko.

Panobva kuvakwa

Geological nguva chikero akasikwa kuziva Zvimiso geognozicheskogo zera pamatombo. Mhedziso kukwegura, akayera nemakore, nokuti Vanodzidza ndiko kukosha.

Earthliving huviri huru yenguva: kriptozoy (Precambrian) uye Phanerozoic, pamusoro kuwanikwa muna sedimentary namatombo zvekare residues. In kriptozoe iripo chete zvinenge kuvatungamirira munyoro kuti musasiya zvisaririra zviri emadhaka. danho iri upenyu asingaoneki.

Phanerozoic akatanga panguva kwezana uye Ediacaria yeCambrian (Vendian) vakawanda siyana dzemugungwa uye zvimwe zvinenge, vachibvumira paleontologists kusiyanisa mbiru kubva anowana pakati Zvisaririra fauna of uye kasvisto.

Geological nguva chikero Earth ane mumwezve rakakura nokupesana, iyo yakasiyana wokutanga kuedza akatsemura nhoroondo yedu panguva zvikamu pakukura. Ipapo yose Chronicle yakanga dziya mu nguva zvina: chikuru, rakaenzana Precambrian, dzisiri - Mesozoic uye Paleozoic, tertiary - zvachose pasina yokupedzisira Cenozoic Quaternary yaitonga. Quaternary danho ane nzvimbo inokosha. Ndiyo duku kutenderera, paiva kuwanda zviitiko, ari kungoda ndiwo achiripo nani kupfuura vamwe.

asingaverengeki

Geological nguva pamwero - ibhuku zvakakodzera kuti mumwe geography. Kriptozoy kana Precambrian akanga 4bn nzvimbo - makore mamiriyoni 542 akapfuura. Oo kunoratidzwa muna kuti zvinenge havana anoshongwa dzakaoma uye marangwanda. Kuvapo kwavo uye nhoroondo aitenge kuona, chete zvisingawanzoitiki nyora pamatombo.

The nguva furemu of Phanerozoic - makore mamiriyoni 542 apfuura kusvikira nhasi. Kunorondedzerwa paasingazonyuri akaturikidzana ezvinhu zvipenyu uye marangwanda, saka nhoroondo kukura upenyu dzinogona kurondwa tichibatsirwa zvisaririra. Yakavanzwa Life akapfuura yakajeka, zvinoita sokuti nokuti kuti zvomumhepo izere okisijeni. Kwakazotevera ozone layer kudzivirira nyika kubva nemwaranzi kubva muchadenga.

kuchinja izvi ratinoona vakanga kunokonzerwa nokushanda kwenhengo dzomuviri. Zvimwe kwakaitawo kuti kutsakatika zhinji mhando icho okisijeni ane muchetura.

Palaeozoic

Saka, isu kare kuziva Geological nguva rapanzvimbo Phanerozoic. Uye chii Paleozoic? Zviri hwekare upenyu kuti aivapo makore mamiriyoni 542-251 nazazh, "pamberi dinosaurs." Zvinonzi akakamurwa zvinotevera nguva:

• YeCambrian danho makore mamiriyoni 542-488 apfuura. Iri izwi rinoreva upenyu gungwa. Vakawanda boka unicellular muri trilobites. Zvisinei, zvakasiyana siyana mhuka dzakadai payo hakuchazovipo munhoroondo (tingati "yeCambrian kuputika").
• Ordovician nguva makore mamiriyoni 488-444 apfuura. Common dzemugungwa uye korari. Paiva invertebrates vokutanga - hove-kufanana jawless dzavanhu zvirimwa.
• Silurian Danho: makore mamiriyoni 444-416 apfuura. Zvipembenene zvinomera zviri dzakashandisa panyika, pane hove jawed. Upenyu makungwa uye makungwa kutanga kufanana chipo.
• Devonian penguva: makore mamiriyoni 416-359 apfuura. Chero Zvipembenene, madandaude uye mites. ivhu anooneka. Lobe-finned uye lungfish akachinja pachavo kuti upenyu panyika.
• Carbon kana marasha-danho makore mamiriyoni 359-299 apfuura. Hunodzorwa anoyevedza siyana munyika Maruva (muzvirevo nguva nayo mhiri Earth aiva chete). Kune hofori arthropods, nezvinokambaira. Tupukanana nhaka nendege wechokwadi. anezvimiti zhinji, sezvo moribund uswa bacteria havana nguva kuoresa. Mumakungwa uye makungwa ushe Sharks uye dzimwe hove cartilaginous.
• Permian kana Permian Era: makore mamiriyoni 299-251 apfuura. On Earth, ivo vakaberekerwa archosaurs rokutanga - madzitateguru dinosaurs, uye Cynodont heterodonta - zvakananga madzitateguru mhuka. Kuva huru zveroyaschery, kufanana dimetrodon, kuunganidza rezuva kupisa uchishandisa "maseiri".

The Mesozoic panguva

Kunyange vana vazive kuti Geological nguva pamwero yakadaro. Grade 7, maererano purogiramu yechikoro, ari kudzidza nyaya. Vana Vechikoro vanoziva kuti Mesozoic - ndiye Nguva dinosaurs, iyo iripo makore mamiriyoni 251-65,5 apfuura. danho iri anozivikanwa zvinotevera zvinogara:

• Triassic: makore mamiriyoni 251-200 apfuura. Kusiyana vertebrates zviri yadzikira, sezvo chaitika munyika waifarirwa kutsakatika. Kune nemakarwe, matatya, megazastrodony (mhuka vechokwadi), nenjiva uye pterosaurs - wokutanga vertebrates kuti inogona kubhururuka.
• Jurassic: makore mamiriyoni 200-146 apfuura. In gungwa mvura akatonga dzvinyu, nyika - dinosaurs, uye mhepo - pterosaurs. Jurassic mhuka dziri vashomashoma uye akafanana nemakonzo uye insectivores - chete niche kuti perepala navo pashure nezvinokambaira.
• Cretaceous yenguva: makore mamiriyoni 146-65,5 apfuura. Most dainoso marudzi runosvika kunonyanyisa ukuru. Kune dzirarame, maruva zvinomera, nyoka, shiri ino, placental mhuka.

kutsakatika

Vanoda jogirafi? Geological nguva pamwero - chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha nuances yacho yacho. Zvinozivikanwa kuti Mesozoic uye Cenozoic migove zvikuru wakakurumbira, asi kwete kupfuura vakawanda kutsakatika munhoroondo yedu. Nepo yose microfauna vakanyangarika, kusanganisira gungwa. Nyanzvi yakawana pasi yakawanda uchapupu unopfuurira zviitiko iyoyo, asi zvose uye kutevedzana dzokudzidza kusvikira ikozvino.

Mujinga anoonekwa kuwa hombe meteor dhayamita pamusoro 11 km (more Everest) muna vokuYucatán mapazi.

Cainozoic panguva

The nguva furemu of Cenozoic: makore mamiriyoni 65,5 ago - nhasi. Izvi kutenderera ine mwedzi:

• Paleogene danho (65.5 - 23 miriyoni apfuura).
• Neogene kutenderera (mamiriyoni 23 - Makore 2,588 mamiriyoni apfuura).
• Anthropogenic (Quaternary) pamwero (makore mamiriyoni 2,588 apfuura-nhasi).

neocene

Anokosha akadana tsvagai Geological ichikosha, izvo mune ramangwana achauya yokutsiva Holocene. Sezvo ramangwana ichigere, pangava nzira dzakawanda kuti chiratidzo chacho. Zvisinei, vanamazvikokota anogona kufanotaura zvimwe zviitiko, inobva chokwadi zviri kuitika kuchinja munyika; mirayiridzo uye kumhanya kwebasa makondinendi, dzidziso kurereka akabatana paNyika, dzokai yomugungwa dzenzvimbo.