Chii inzwi chipingamupinyi. Kupwanya ruzha chipingamupinyi

Chii isu fungidzira patinonzwa mashoko okuti "chipingamupinyi kurira"? Mumwe muganhu uye mechidziro, iyo KUKUNDA izvo zvinogona kukanganisa kunzwa uye kunzwa. Kazhinji, kurira chipingamupinyi chokuita kukunda airspace uye basa mutyairi wendege.

Kukunda chipingamupinyi ichi anokwanisa kukonzera kukura echirwere zvirwere, marwadzo syndromes uye neutachiona. Ko izvi zvakarurama maonero kana vari ndokwaanosimbiswa pfungwa? Ko vane chero ndeechokwadi hwaro? Chii ruzha chipingamupinyi? Sei uye nei zvinoitika? Zvose izvi uye mamwe nuances, uyewo nhoroondo chokwadi chokuita pfungwa iyi, tichaedza kutsvaka munyaya ino.

Izvi sainzi inoshamisa - Aerodynamics

In sayenzi aerodynamics, yakagadzirirwa tsanangura mananara vachifambidzana sangano
ndege, pane pfungwa "inzwi nokuidzivirira." Nyaya dzino dzakatevedzana mananara zvinobva rakaramba kuti supersonic ndege kana zvitundumuseremusere kuti rwendo aimhanya pedyo kumhanya inzwi kana mukuru.

Chii the shockwave?

In nedanho supersonic chokubuda nemhepo mugero midziyo yose ndisingafungiri chinozunguzirwa. zvisaririra ayo anogona kuonekwa kunyange chinoabatsira. Pasi, vakaratidza tsvuku dzakaita mutsetse. Mhiri kuvhunduka cône pamberi yeyero mutsetse pasi mundege haisi kunyange anzwike. At aimhanya kwazvo sonic, sonic chokubuda apfuura muviri pachena kuti kuerera kuti dzinosanganisira kuvhunduka wave. Hurege kuva mumwe kunoenderana chimiro muviri.

Conversion the shockwave

Pamberi kuvhunduka chinozunguzirwa, iyo unowanzonzi ndisingafungiri chinozunguzirwa, ane panzvimbo diki ukobvu, vachibvumira zvisinei chamber kungoerekana wachinja aibuda ehupfumi, kuderera ayo kumhanya hama kuti muviri uye runoenzanirana yakawedzera kufurirwa uye gasi netembiricha iri kuerera. The kinetic simba iri zvishoma kuva munyika simba pamusoro gasi. Huwandu Kuchinja izvi kunobva supersonic chokubuda. Sezvo kuvhunduka chinozunguzirwa kunoita kubva midziyo, kufurirwa Madonhwe vari ipfupi, uye kuvhunduka chinozunguzirwa iri dzikwanise inzwi. Inogona kusvika mucherechedzi kunze anonzwa nevamwe kurira chakatodzana kuputika. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti izvi zvinoratidza kubudirira pakati mudziyo kumhanya inzwi, inzwi chipingamupinyi kana ndege mashizha shure.

Chii chiri zvechokwadi kuitika?

The vanonzi nguva yokuputsa mutsindo chipingamupinyi iri tsika anomiririra ndima kuvhunduka chinozunguzirwa pamwe kuwedzera nokuimba injini ndege. The muchina zvino mberi rinotevera inzwi, saka injini nokuimba unogona kunzwiwa vanomutevera. Rakada kumhanya ndege nokumhanya inzwi anoitwa zvichibvira kunyange panguva Second World War, asi vezvikepe vakaona zviratidzo yambiro iri ndege.

Pashure pehondo, zhinji ndege uye vatyairi vakaedza kusvika kumhanya inzwi Nokuparadza inzwi mhinganidzo, asi zvizhinji kuedza izvi hwakaguma zvinosuruvarisa. Vanotsvakurudza tariro nharo kuti muganhu uyu hazvibviri kurova. Hazvisi experimental, asi nzira nesayenzi kutsanangura mamiriro akashandura pfungwa "kutinhira chinodzivirira" uye kuwana nzira kuikurira.

The hwokurara kurumbidza kuti njodzi ndege

Kuchengeteka Vols mu transonic uye supersonic chinozunguzirwa apo tichidzivisa zvichibvira dambudziko, panowanikwa iyo kunobva aerodynamic parameters ari ndege uye kureba anobudiswa firita. Kuchinja kubva pamwero mumwe akurumidze zvinofanira kuitwa nokukurumidza sezvinobvira nokushandiswa afterburner, izvo zvichakubatsira kudzivisa nendege refu ari nefungu dambudziko wongoramba. Wave dambudziko sezvo pfungwa rakabva mvura senga. It akasimuka panguva imwe motokari ine velocity pedyo velocity mafungu pamusoro mvura pamusoro. Contact pamwe dambudziko wave rinobatanidza kukura yevanhu yakaoma, uye kana zvichiita chete kukunda dambudziko wave, ipapo unogona kuenda Gliding kana zvishoma nezvishoma mumatope muoti pamusoro mvura pamusoro.

History iri kurapa ndege

Munhu wokutanga kusvika supersonic airspeed mutyairi ndege, - vokuAmerica mutyairi wendege Chak Yeger. Ake budiriro anozivikanwa munhoroondo October 14, 1947. Mune USSR, kurira chipingamupinyi akakurirwa December 26, 1948 Sokolowski uye Fedorov, uyo akamhanya ane ruzivo murwi.

Yevagari ndege yokutanga kuti kutyora ruzha chipingamupinyi airliner Douglas DC-8 iyo August 21, 1961 asvika nokumhanya 1.012 M, kana 1262 km / h. Flight yakagadzirwa kuti kuunganidza umboo yokugadzira bapiro. Pakati aircrafts nyika wasiyiwa aeroballistic hypersonic chombo "mhepo-nyika", unova Army Russian. Panguva kukwira pamusoro 31,2 makiromita of chombo chine pamusoro nokukurumidza 6389 km / h.

Makore 50 mushure rotonhorera nenzwi chipingamupinyi mudenga wokuEngland Endi achisekerera akaita zvakafanana budiriro nemotokari. In freefall Ndakaedza kuputsa zvinyorwa American Dzho Kittinger, uyo akakunda kukwirira 31.5 makiromita. Nhasi, October 14, 2012, Felix Baumgartner wakaisa nyika zvinyorwa, pasina rubatsiro pakufamba, mune akasununguka kuwa kubva kukwirira 39 makiromita, kutyora mutsindo chipingamupinyi. ayo kumhanya paakasvika 1342,8 makiromita paawa.

Zvikuru kujairika kutyora ruzha chipingamupinyi

Hazvina kufanira kufunga, asi kuvamba nyika yokutanga kumedura muganhu ichi, rava zvake chiwepu ndiani akatanga Chinese vekare anenge 7000 apfuura. Inenge pamberi nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa pakarepo mifananidzo muna 1927, hapana aifungidzira kuti chiwepu-tinya - a vakasiyana sonic tiguu. Sharp chinozunguzirwa unoumba munhu loop, uye nokukurumidza kunowedzera zvinoshamisa, izvo kunosimbiswa kombiyuta. Sound chipingamupinyi anokundwa mu sezvakarayirwa 1200 km / h nokukurumidza.

Chirahwe of raitangira muguta

Ndosaka vagari mumataundi maduku vanoshamiswa kuona guta kokutanga. Zhinji chokufambisa, mazana mumaresitorendi uye varaidzo yokuitira vari dzinovhiringidza uye akagogodza kubva Rut. Kutanga kwematsutso muguta guru inowanzopiwa yomusi April pane March blizzard inopandukira. Muna April, ndiye pachena denga, achimhanya hova uye wotungira. Vanhu vaneta muchando refu, wedzerai hwindo kurutivi zuva, uye watsemuka ruzha mumba mumugwagwa. Mumugwagwa nzeve segwenhure shiri dzichiimba vemifananidzo kudzokorora nhetembo anopa vadzidzi, tisingatauri ruzha, kuwandisa kwemotokari mumigwagwa uye pevhu. Vashandi utano madhipatimendi akacherechedza kuti refu vari mune chipatapata guta riri utano. Hum guta ine chokufambisa,
avhiyesheni, maindasitiri uye neimba ruzha. Chinonyanya kukuvadza kunongova motokari ruzha sezvo ndege dzinobhururuka yakakwirira zvakakwana, uye ruzha kubva makambani yakanyauka zvivako zvavo. The Kugara nokuimba motokari iri kupfuura Neine Basa Chaizvo mikuru kwazvo zvose zvinogamuchirika dzemunharaunda kaviri. Sezvo guta guru hwatsvuka kurira chipingamupinyi? Moscow ndiyo ngozi zhinji ruzha, saka vagari guru iiswe mahwindo miviri glazed kuti muffle mheremhere.

Sei storming ruzha chipingamupinyi?

Kusvikira 1947 pakanga pasina uchapupu hwevanhu zvakanaka ari nzvimbo yemutekenyi inobhururuka dzichimhanya kupfuura inzwi. Somugumisiro, nokuputsa kurira chipingamupinyi zvinoda mumwe simba uye ushingi. Panguva ndege zvinova pachena kuti hakuna vimbiso vapone. Kunyange mutyairi nenyanzvi haagoni kutaura kuti chokwadi kana bere Kurwisa ndege kugadzira zvinhu. Mumaminitsi, ndege angangova isaparara. Chii akatsanangura? Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti sangano ane subsonic velocity pave acoustic mafungu diverge sezvo madenderedzwa yawa ibwe. Supersonic nokukurumidza excites kuvhunduka mafungu, uye akamira pasi munhu anonzwa kurira somunhu kuputika. Pasina makombiyuta simba zvakanga zvakaoma kugadzirisa zvakaoma differential equations, uye aitofanira kuvimba vachiridza yokutevedzera mune mhepo tunnels. Dzimwe nguva pane kukwana kumhanyisa ndege kuvhunduka chinozunguzirwa kunosvika simba rakadai dzinobhururuka nemahwindo dzimba pamusoro iyo ndege iri kubhururuka. Putsa ruzha chipingamupinyi havagoni vose, nekuti panguva ino kuzunungusa rose mamiriro, yakawanda kukuvara kunogona kugamuchira hunowedzera midziyo. Saka zvinokosha zvikuru kuti vezvikepe utano hwakanaka uye pfungwa dzake dzigadzikane. Kana ndege anoenda akanyatsosvika, asi kurira chipingamupinyi kukurira nokukurumidza sezvinobvira, kana mutyairi kana zvichibvira vatakurwi harizonzwi hachifadzi chaizvo nezvekufadza. Kunyanya kukunda inzwi chipingamupinyi yakavakwa pakutsvakurudza ndege muna January 1946. Kuumba michina yakatangwa nevanhu sezvakarayirwa Bazi Defence, asi pachinzvimbo zvombo izvozvo stuffed midziyo nesayenzi kuti yakawana mashandiro zvigadziriswe uye zviridzwa. Ndege iyi yakanga yakafanana ano rwendo chombo chete yakavakwa chitundumuseremusere injini. Kukunda ndege inzwi chipingamupinyi kuitika kunonyanyisa kumhanya 2736 km / h.

Vanotukwa uye mumuviri Zvivako ukunde kumhanya inzwi

Kufambira Mberi kukurira ruzha chipingamupinyi vari hwainyanya nhasi. Saka, Ndege iro Chak Yeger yokutanga nguva yava kukurirwa, zvino chakaratidzwa National Air uye Space Museum, riri mu Washington. Asi hwokugadzira parameters iyi yakagadzirwa nevanhu, kwaizova haumbokoshi pasina zvemashoko mutyairi. Chak Yeger akaenda Flight School uye akarwa Europe, vasati vadzoka England. Mhosva kudzingwa ndege haina kutyora mweya Jaeger, uye unozadzisa kugamuchirwa Mukuru wemauto Europe. Mumakore asara kusvikira pakuguma hondo, Yeager chaibatanidzwa 64 kurwisana mishoni umo akapfura pasi 13 ndege. Home Chak Yeger akadzoka chinzvimbo mukuru. zvachiri ava vakaramba kunzwisisa, incredible akadzikama uye kutsungirira zvinhu pazvainge zvaoma. Yeager Not kamwe kuisa zvinyorwa pamusoro mundege ake. Basa rake hwakazotevera waiva Air Force zviyero, apo akaita chokudzidzisa vezvikepe. Kokupedzisira Chak Yeger vakaputsa inzwi chipingamupinyi mumakore 74 akanga mashanu gore rake ndege uye nhoroondo 1997.

Complex mabasa creators ndege

Third-15 ndege anozivikanwa yose vakatanga asike yakadururwa apo Developers vakaziva kuti haugoni kubva chete zvokurambana inzwi mhinganidzo, uye vanofanira kugadzirisa yakaoma rwokugadzira matambudziko. Zvakaguma muchina zvokuti kubudirira kuti zvikamira nadzurudzo wokurera munyika dzakasiyana. Dzakasiyana magadzirirwo nemahofisi vanobatanidzwa mune mhando makwikwi, apo mubayiro waiva bvumidzwa riri kupfuura kubudirira uye dzichipfekeka ndege. Dzakagadzirirwa ndege pamwe yakatsvairwa mapapiro, yaiva yechimurenga zvavo mazano. An Mudziyo akakodzera inofanira kuva simba, kutsanya uye kusimba husingakwanisi chero kukuvara kubva kunze. Yakatsvairwa mapapiro vava chikamu ndege, izvo zvakavabatsira kurera katatu kumhanya inzwi. Uyezve ndege zvazvingava akaramba ichiwedzera, nokuda kuwedzera injini simba, vachishandisa nzira itsva zvinhu uye Optimization pamusoro aerodynamic parameters. Kupwanya ruzha chipingamupinyi unoitwa zvichibvira uye zvechokwadi kunyange nokuda munhuwo zvake, asi zviri zvishoma ngozi iyi hauzoti, saka chero ekstremal anofanira nekururama kuongorora simba ravo, vasati kusarudza yakadaro kuedza.