Chii Arsenic? Features, zvivako uye mafomu

Arsenic - makemikari maatomu akafanana senitrogen boka (Group 15 periodic table). Izvi pfumbu esimbi kubwinya pfava fuma (α-Arsenic) pamwe rhombohedral sekristaro napamahwindo. Kana neshungu 600 ° C Sezvo sublimates. Pamusoro kutonhora, hwunongova mhute, mumwe nadzurudzo itsva - Yellow Arsenic. Above 270 ° C ari Sezvo vose vari vasapinda nhema Arsenic.

History yakawanikwa

Ndechokuti Arsenic ichi aizivikanwa refu asati kuzivikanwa kwayo zvine maatomu akafanana. The IV c. BC. e. Aristotle akataura pfuma inonzi "sandarak", iro zvino kutenda kuti akanga realgar, kana Arsenic sulfide. Uye ini remakore BC. e. Pliniy Starshy nevanyori Pedany Dioscoride akatsanangura auripigment - dhayi Sezvo ₂ S _3. In XI mu. n. e. zvakasiyana matatu akasiyana "Arsenic" chena (Sezvo ₄ O _6), yellow (Kana ₂ S _3), uye tsvuku (Sezvo ₄ S _4). The chinhu pacharo kunge yakatanga voga XIII remakore, Albert Mukuru, uyo akaona nechitarisiko simbi-kufanana fuma kana Exchange, aizivikanwawo Sezvo ₂ S ₃ yakanga neshungu nesipo nemvura. Asi chivimbo chokuti yepanyama musayendisiti aiva yakaisvonaka Arsenic, kwete. Wokutanga uchapupu chaiye yavaive rakachena namakemikari maatomu akafanana zviri ainyorwa 1649. mishonga German Iogann Shreder akagadzirira Arsenic, muchidziisa nayo pamberi carbon monoxide. Gare gare Nicolas Lemery, chiremba French uye kemisiti vakachengeta paumbwe ichi makemikari chinhu nokuda muchidziisa musanganiswa ane oxide, uye potashi Sipo. By pakutanga XVIII remakore, Arsenic akanga atova kuzivikanwa somunhu rakasiyana Semi-metal.

Kupararira

goko nyika uye yakaderera Arsenic wevasungwa waiva 1.5 ppm. Rinowanikwa ivhu uye mamineral anogona kupinda mumhepo, mvura uye ivhu nokuda mhepo uye mvura nemvura. Uyezve, imwe ichocho anopinda mhepo kubva kumwewo. Somugumisiro kuputika kwemakomo mudenga asunungurwa anenge 3 zviuru. T Arsenic pagore, tusingaoneki zvinoumba 20 zviuru. T akadaro metilarsina pagore, uye somugumisiro yokupisa Coal in iyoyi iri dzinounzwa 80 zviuru. T.

Pasinei nokuti Kana - a unouraya, chinhu chinokosha chezvinonhuwira simba dzimwe mhuka uye zvichida munhu, kunyange zvazvo zvakakodzera dose haapfuuri 0.01 MG / zuva.

Arsenic zvakaoma zvikuru kushandurira kuva mvura-soluble kana akadaro ezvinhu. Chokwadi kuti zvikuru Mobile, zvinoreva kuti hombe pfungwa yacho fuma mune munhu nzvimbo haagoni kuonekwa. Kudivi rimwe, ichi zvakanaka, asi mumwe - maziviro pakanyenga, ndicho chikonzero chokuti Arsenic kusvibiswa iri kuva dambudziko hombe. Nokuda nemabasa evanhu, kunyanya kuburikidza migodhi uye utsotso, kazhinji immobile makemikari maatomu akafanana migrates, uye zvino rinogona kuwanikwa kwete chete munzvimbo yayo rwokuzvarwa yevasungwa.

Huwandu Arsenic ari goko iri vanenge 5 g pa tani. In muchadenga, zvinofungidzirwa sezvo wevasungwa of 4 maatomu por miriyoni nesilicon maatomu. chaikosha iyi rinoparadzirwa. A zvishoma aripo ari chizvarwa mamiriro. Kazhinji, paumbwe 90-98% kutsvinda Arsenic kuitika pamwe simbi akadai namavara akanaka uye sirivha. Zvisinei, vakawanda izvozvo, ndizvo chikamu vanopfuura 150 dzakasiyana zvicherwa - sulphides, arsenides, sulphoarsenides uye arsenite. Arsenopyrite FeAsS ndeimwe rakajairika Sezvo inobereka zvicherwa. Other zvakafanana Arsenic yeimwe - zvicherwa realgar Sezvo ₄ S _4, auripigment Sezvo ₂ S _3, loellingite FeAs uye enargite ₂ Cũ ₃ mbongoro _4. Uyewo zvakafanana Arsenic oxide. Vazhinji ichi acho ari byproduct pamusoro simbi hwemhangura, kutungamirira, cobalt, uye ores nendarama.

Zvakasikwa, pane chimwe chete kugadzikana isotope kuti Arsenic - ⁷⁵ Kana. Pakati chakagadzirwa radioactive isotopes vakasunungurwa ⁷⁶ Sezvo munenge hafu-upenyu maawa 26.4. Arsenic-72, -74 uye -76 zvinoshandiswa zvokurapa Diagnostics.

Industrial kugadzirwa uye kushandiswa

Metal Arsenic arsenopyrite yakagadzirwa kudziyisa kuti 650-700 ° C pasina kuwana mhepo. Kana arsenopyrite nezvimwe simbi ores neshungu pamwe yatinofema, Kana nyore zvaanoita navo remubatanidzwa chimiro nyore sublimes Sezvo ₄ O _6, hunonziwo "chena Arsenic". oxide vapor dzakatorwa uye yaiitwa yakapfupikiswa, uye zvadaro kuzodzosera yakaidzwa sublimation. Most Sezvazvakanyorwa zvinoberekwa kabhoni rutapudzo vachena Arsenic Saka kuwana.

World kudyiwa esimbi Arsenic iri zviduku - mashomanana zana matani pagore. Zvakawanda zviri kuparadzwa, rinobva Sweden. It rinoshandiswa simbi nokuda kwayo metalloid zvivako. About 1% of Arsenic rinoshandiswa zvaAtemisi vatungamirire bara, sezvo anovandudza roundness ari yakanyungudutswa mumate. The ehupfumi ari kubereka chiwanikwa kwakavakirwa vanotungamirira vawedzerwe zvose chafariz uye zvemaziso maitiro kana Zvadziine 3% pakati Arsenic. Kuvapo uwandu ichi kwemakemikari chaikosha duku mutobvu alloys hasha navo zvokushandisa mabhatiri uye waya dzokurwa. tsvina Small vari Arsenic kuwedzera ngura nemishonga uye chafariz zvivako nemhangura, nendarira. The wakachena zvokuvamba namakemikari Sezvo yendarira rinoshandiswa kushandisa coatings uye pyrotechnics. Zvikuru Arsenic anowana kushanda muna semiconductor michina, apo rinoshandiswa pamwe nesilicon negermanium, uyewo muchimiro gallium arsenide (GaAs) ari diodes, lasers uye transistors.

sezvo yeimwe

Sezvo Arsenic Valence ndiyo 3 uye 5, uye ane vanoverengeka oxidation inoti kubva -3 kusvikira +5, kuti chingasataurwa zvinoumba-siyana yeimwe. Chinonyanya kukosha vezvokutengeserana kukosha kwayo oxides, dzinokosha siyana inova Sezvo ₄ O ₆ Sezvo ₂ O _5. Arsenous oxide, soMunyengetero chena Arsenic, - a byproduct roasting ores emhangura, kutungamirira uye dzimwe simbi, uyewo sulfide ores uye arsenopyrite. Ndiye kutanga mashoko ruzhinji dzimwe yeimwe. Uyezve, rinoshandiswa mishonga yezvipembenene, kushandiswa decolorizing mutumwa iri kugadzirwa regirazi uye zvisaora nokuda nematehwe. Arsenic pentoxide aumbwa kana pachena kuti oxidant (semuenzaniso, nitric acid) kune chena Arsenic. Ndicho chikuru wemafuta zvipembenene, sora uye namira kuti nesimbi.

Arsine (dota _3), chepfu Hauoneki gasi zvinosanganisira sehydrogen Arsenic, - nderimwe fuma anozivikanwa. The fuma, anonziwo arsenical rehydrogen vari vakazvigadzirirwa hydrolysis nesimbi arsenides, uye simbi kupora kubva Arsenic yeimwe mu asidhi mhinduro. Iye akawana kushanda sechinhu dopant mu semiconductors uye zvehondo gasi rinouraya. Mune zvokurima, zvikuru Arsenic asidhi (H ₃ Aso _4), kutungamirira arsenate (PbHAsO ₄₎ uye calcium yakawanda arsenate [Ca ₃ (Aso _{4) 2],} iyo inoshandiswa chenesa ivhu uye chipembenene kuzvidzora.

Arsenic - makemikari chaikosha wezvamatongerwe muzvizhinji kuti makemikari yeimwe. Kakodin (CH _{3) 2} Sezvo-Sezvo _{(CH3) 2 Somuenzaniso,} kushandiswa pakunyora unoshandiswa zvikuru desiccant (nokuomesa mumiririri) - cacodylic acid. Complex Organic remubatanidzwa ane ichocho zvaishandiswa pakurapa mamwe zvirwere zvakadai amoebic nemanyoka kunokonzerwa tusingaoneki.

mumuviri ehupfumi

Chii Arsenic tichitarisa panyama ayo zvivako? In yacho yakagadzikana kwazvo mamiriro, ndiko pfava hwakasimba simbi wachena ruvara ne pasi chafariz uye magetsi conductivity. Kunyange zvazvo mamwe marudzi Kana muri simbi-kufanana, basa rake vasiri nesimbi - a yakarurama characterization pamusoro Arsenic. Kune dzimwe mhando Arsenic, asi havana kwazvo kudzidza, kunyanya tsvuku metastable chimiro, iine mamorekuru Sezvo _4, kufanana chena phosphorus P _4. Arsenic sublimes ari tembiricha kuti 613 ° C, uye somunhu mhute riripo sezvo mamorekuru Sezvo _4, iyo regai dissociate kuti tembiricha anenge 800 ° C. Complete dissociation pamusoro mamorekuru pamusoro Sezvo ₂ kunoitika panguva 1700 ° C.

Mabhomba marongerwo uye kukwanisa kuumba zvisungo

Electronic Arsenic fomura - 1s ² 2s ² 2p ⁶ 3s ² 3p ⁶ 3d ¹⁰ 4S ² 4p ^{3 -} akafanana senitrogen uye phosphorus ane maerekitironi mashanu rokunze goko, asi wakasiyana nazvo pamberi 18 maerekitironi ari Penultimate goko pane vaviri kana masere. Kuwedzera 10 mhosva zvakanaka chinoumba panguva rokuzadza shanu 3d orbitals kunowanzokonzera mukuru kuderera pamusoro Erekitironi gore uye kuwedzera electronegativity zvinhu. Arsenic mu periodic table anogona kuenzaniswa nemamwe mapoka, izvo zvakajeka vanoratidza muenzaniso uyu. Somuenzaniso, zvinonzi vakawanda vaibvuma kuti zingi zvikuru electronegative pane magnesium uye gallium - pane aruminiyamu. Zvisinei, mune zvinotevera boka, musiyano uyu zvinoderedza, uye vazhinji havabvumirani yokuti Germany electronegativity pamusoro nesilicon, pasinei nekuwanda kwemakemikari uchapupu. Uku kubva 8- kusvika 18-sero Kamudzira kubva phosphorus kuti Arsenic ungawedzera electronegativity, asi anoramba nharo.

Kufanana Sezvo rokunze goko uye P kunoratidza kuti vanogona kuumba zvitatu covalent zvisungo por atomu pamberi mamwe vasina kusungwa Erekitironi peya. Naizvozvo oxidation anofanira +3 kana -3, zvichienderana yakawiriranwa hama electronegativity. Sechivako Arsenic uyewo anoratidza mukana achiedza zvokunze d-orbitals nokuda pakuwedzera octet kuti anobvumira chinhu kuti vaumbe 5 ukama. Zvinonzi akaziva chete zvakaitwa pamwe fluorine. Kuvapo yakasununguka Erekitironi peya kuti paumbwe kunzwisisa yeimwe (via Erekitironi kuzozvidzorerwa) Sezvo ari atomu rinowanika duku zvikuru pane phosphorus uye senitrogen.

Arsenic akatsiga mumhepo rakaoma asi nyoro akafukidzwa dema oxide. vapor ayo combusted nyore kuumba Sezvo ₂ O _3. Chii Arsenic iri vakasununguka ezvinhu? Hazvina kushanda kwete pachena kuti mvura, alkalis uye vasiri oxidizing acids, asi ari oxidized pamwe nitric asidhi kumamiriro +5. Sezvo Arsenic sei halogens, sarufa, uye simbi zhinji anoumba arsenides.

Analytical kemesitiri

The fuma anogona kuonekwa qualitatively Arsenic sezvo yero orpiment precipitates pasi zvinoitwa 25% hydrochloric asidhi mhinduro. Kungoda Kana, kazhinji chirevo charo atendeuka kuti arsine, izvo zvinogona kuonekwa ne March bvunzo. Arsine ari thermally yaora kuumba mutema girazi kuti Arsenic mukati rakamanikana chubhu. By nzira Gutzeit vachiongorora akaiswa mushonga wokuuraya nemekiyuri chloride pasi zvinoitwa arsine rima nokuda kunayisa pamusoro nemekiyuri.

Arsenic toxicological unhu

Sero toxicity nezvinogadzirwa nomukaka zviri zvikuru zvichisiyana mukati-siyana, kubvira zvikuru hunokachidza arsine wayo Organic nomukaka kungokonzera Sezvo, iyo yakati inert. Ndizvo Arsenic, akati kushandiswa kwayo Organic yeimwe sezvo kwemakemikari hondo nevasori (Lewisite) uye defoliant mhoni mumiririri ( "mumiririri zvitema" yakavakirwa ane aqueous musanganiswa 5% kubva cacodylic acid, 26% yavaibvisa munyu kwayo).

Kazhinji, nomukaka izvi kwemakemikari chaikosha kutsvinyira ganda uye kukonzera dermatitis. Uyewo akataura vadzivirirwe inhalation kuti Arsenic tubhokisi guruva, asi vakawanda chepfu kunoitika kana anwa. Maximum bvumidzwa Kuwanda Kana muguruva pa maawa masere zuva iri 0.5 MG / m ^3. Nokuti arsine dose ipfupi kuti 0,05 zvikamu miriyoni paminiti. Kunze kushandiswa yeimwe ari makemikari chinhu sezvo sora uye mishonga yokuuraya zvipembenene, Arsenic kushanda mu pharmacology ikabereka salvarsan - kutanga kubudirira mushonga pamusoro njovhera.

Impact utano

Arsenic ndechimwe chezvinhu chepfu okunze. Inorganic yeimwe of kwemakemikari akawana muropa riri shoma. Users anogona pachena kuti Arsenic kuburikidza zvokudya, mvura uye mhepo. The ekisiposha zvingaitikawo pamusoro kuonana ganda pamwe yakasviba ivhu kana mvura.

ari Arsenic kugutsikana rakanyatsojeka yakaderera mune zvokudya. Zvisinei, nhanho aro hove uye dzemugungwa zvinogona yakakwirira zvikuru, sezvo Sechipanji namakemikari vanoshingaira che mvura yavanogara. A chinokosha uwandu inorganic Arsenic nehove angava njodzi dzoutano hwevanhu.

Migumisiro zvinhu zviri uyewo pasi vanhu vanoshanda navo, vanogara mudzimba akavaka yematanda zvakaipa navo, uye pamusoro zvokurima idzo kare aishandisa mishonga yezvipembenene.

Inorganic Arsenic kunogona kukonzera siyana utano migumisiro dzakadai kutsamwa mudumbu uye ura, ungaderedza masero matsvuku eropa, ganda kuchinja, uye zvemapapu neshungu. Zvinofungirwa kuti Absorção de Água munhu chinokosha yakawanda fuma iyi inogona kuwedzera mikana yokuva nekenza, kunyanya kenza ganda, yemapapu, chiropa uye nhengo dzinobudisa hurongwa.

yakakwirira chaizvo kuwanda inorganic Arsenic ndizvo zvinokonzera kushaya mbereko uye zvinoguma nokupfupfudzika mune vakadzi, dermatitis, richikwidibira nemishonga zvirwere, matambudziko mwoyo uye uropi. Uyezve, ichi makemikari maatomu akafanana anokwanisa ichikuvadza DNA.

Zvinouraya dose chena Arsenic iri 100 MG.

The Organic remubatanidzwa ane ichocho kana kenza, kana kukuvadza majini remitemo regai kukonzera, asi yakakwirira mishonga inogona kukuvadza kuti utano hwevanhu, zvakadai kuti huta zvirwere kana kurwadziwa mudumbu.

sezvo ehupfumi

Basic zvemakemikari uye zvivako zviri Arsenic inotevera panyama:

• Mabhomba nhamba - 33.
• Mabhomba uremu - 74,9216.
• Utsotso pfungwa wachena muforoma - 814 ° C ari kumanikidzwa 36 atmospheres.
• Density wachena muforoma - 5,73 g / masendimita ³ pa 14 ° C.
• The arambe achirema of yeyero chimiro - 2,03 g / masendimita ³ pa18 ° C.
• Electronic Arsenic fomura - 1s 2s ^{2 2 2} 2p ⁶ 3s 3p ⁶ 3d ¹⁰ 4S ² 4p _^3.
• oxidation mamiriro - -3, +3, +5.
• Valency kuti Arsenic - 3, 5.