Chii amoniya? Formula zvivako uye amoniya

Amoniya - remubatanidzwa kunokosha tsime senitrogen nokuda zvipenyu, uye ndawana kushanda mumaindasitiri siyana. Chii amoniya, ndezvipi ehupfumi ayo? Ngatimbotaurei zvazviri.

Chii amoniya: dzinokosha unhu

Amoniya (nitride rukoronga) - remubatanidzwa wenyika senitrogen pamwe rehydrogen rine makemikari payakavakirwa NH _3. Maumbirwe Morekuru chakafanana trigonal Pyramid, iro vertex iyo iri senitrogen atomu.

Amoniya chinhu gasi asina ruvara, asi kuva chaiwo unopinza zvakanaka. amoniya arambe achirema iri kusvika kaviri zvishoma pane arambe achirema mhepo. Pamusangano tembiricha 15 ^Haiwa C zviri 0,73 makirogiramu / m ^3. Density emura amoniya pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu 686 makirogiramu / m ^3. The samolecular kurema pfuma - 17.2 g / nhuta. A pachena chinoratidza amoniya ndiwo ayo yakakwirira solubility mumvura. Saka, pane imwe tembiricha of 0 ° C wasvika kukosha yemavhoriyamu vanenge 1200 mune rimwe bhuku mvura pa 20 ° C - 700 mavhoriyamu. A mhinduro kuti "amoniya - mvura" (amoniya mvura) ane Midzanga maitiro uye zvakarurama rakasiyana pfuma zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe alkalis: muwanze Kuwanda arambe achirema ipfupi.

Sei kubereka amoniya?

Chii amoniya ari mumuviri womunhu? Zviri kuguma zvinobva senitrogen muviri. Chikamu chakakura chiropa kutendeutsa urea (carbamide) - zvishoma muchetura fuma.

Amoniya dzinongoitika masango inoumbwa ne manyowa pane makemikari yeimwe ine senitrogen. Nokuti kushandiswa muna indasitiri iri fuma yakawanikwa zvokugadzirwa nevanhu.

Kugadzirira amoniya mune maindasitiri uye murabhoritari mamiriro

Industrially amoniya zvinoberekwa CATALYTIC kwetunhu kubva senitrogen uye rehydrogen:

N ₂ + 3 ₂ → 2NH3 + Q.

Muitiro kuwana fuma rinoitwa panguva tembiricha 500 ° C uye kumanikidzwa 350 ATM. Rakashandiswa porous simbi tiwedzere. The zvichiguma amoniya yabviswa ne kutonhora. Nitrogen uye rehydrogen izvo hazvina sei vari vakadzokera kwetunhu.

Under Murabhoritari mamiriro, amoniya rakagadzirwa chaizvoizvo kupfurikidza simba muchidziisa musanganiswa zvinosanganisira Ammonium chloride uye hydrated aita madota:

2NH ₄ Cl + Ca (OH) ₂ → CaCl ₂ + 2NH ₃ ↑ + 2h ₂ O.

Agadzirira zvikasabudiswa remubatanidzwa iri vakayambuka musanganiswa kwesuko uye yavaibvisa hydroxide. Enough amoniya yakaoma inogona vakazvigadzirirwa Kuparadzwa yavaibvisa simbi mairi kwaizotevera DISTILLATION.

Apo amoniya rinoshandiswa?

rehydrogen nitride zvinowanzodavirwa rinoshandiswa mumaindasitiri siyana. Huge rakawanda nayo inoshandiswa kugadzirwa nitric asidhi uye fetiraiza siyana (urea, Ammonium nitrate, etc.), Polymers, hydrocyanic acid, yavaibvisa, Ammonium munyu, uye dzimwe mhando nemakemikari kugadzirwa.

In chiedza indasitiri ehupfumi kuti amoniya inoshandiswa rokuchenesa uye staining Micheka zvakadai nesirika, mvere donje. Muna simbi indasitiri, rinoshandiswa kuwedzera pokuoma simbi kubudikidza saturation pamwe pose akaturikidzana pamwe senitrogen. Muna petrochemical indasitiri uchishandisa rehydrogen nitride neutralized acidic kunouraya.

Nokuda kwavo thermodynamic ehupfumi, mvura amoniya rinoshandiswa senzira refrigerant mu Refrigeration michina.

A mhinduro rehydrogen nitride (amoniya) rinoshandiswa mushonga nokuda kushaya kuti syncope, kurutsa dzishande, kunorapwa okurapwa mudonzvo maoko, zvipembenene ikaruma, uye zvichingodaro.

Vamwe kwemakemikari ehupfumi kuti amoniya

Nitride rehydrogen dzinoratidzwa hwakanyatsorwisa yakakwirira makemikari basa uye vanogona sei pamwe zvinhu zvakawanda.

Kana amoniya ikasakendenga pamwe acids kupa runoenzanirana Ammonium munyu. Saka, somuenzaniso, maitiro pamwe nitric asidhi aumbwa Ammonium nitrate :

NH ₃ + HNO ₃ → NH ₄ NO _3.

Kana kuwadzana chete HCl aumba Ammonium chloride:

NH ₃ + HCl → NH ₄ Cl.

Ammonium munyu ndiwo rakasimba crystalline zvinhu, decomposing mumvura uye vaine zvivako kuri kuti simbi munyu. Solutions of yeimwe inoumbwa zvakaitwa amoniya uye simba acids vane zvishoma asidhi maitiro.

Nokuda senitrogen atomu une rehydrogen nitride reductant. Kwomuviri kwayo pachena kana neshungu. Kana kupiswa ari bhodhoro mhepo, anoumba rimwe senitrogen uye mvura. In pamberi catalysts kuita pamwe okisijeni inopa munhu senitrogen oxide. Nitride rehydrogen anokwanisa kupora simbi kubva oxides.

Halides ne maitiro pamwe amoniya kuti aumbe senitrogen halides - zvinoputika ngozi. By maitiro pamwe carboxylic acids vavo nomukaka nitride rehydrogen fomu amides. In Maitiro vane marasha (pa 1000 ° C) uye methane inoita prussic acid.

Sezvo simbi ions dzichiumbwa amino zvivako, amoniya, ammoniates kana (zvakaoma remubatanidzwa) kuva maitiro chepfungwa: kuti senitrogen atomu anogara waakaita kuti rehydrogen maatomu matatu. Somugumisiro kuchinja kunzwisisa makara zvinhu. Saka, Somuenzaniso, zvitema mhinduro mhangura sulphate pamwe kuwedzera rehydrogen nitride anowana chinhu zvitema-pepuru zvikuru ruvara. Vakawanda amino zvivako nhaka kugadzikanazve yakakwana. Nokuda kwaizvozvi vanogona kuva vakagadzirira hwakasimba chimiro.

The mvura amoniya ndiro tsime soluble zvose Ionic uye vasiri polar Organic uye inorganic yeimwe.

kutsvinda unhu

Amoniya ndohwaJehovha wechina kirasi njodzi. Maximum zvinobvumidzwa kunonyanyisa imwe-nguva wevasungwa (Mac) mumhepo namagariro ndiyo 0.2 MG / m ^3, avhareji - 0,04. Rwekuita mapazi mhepo amoniya kugutsikana hakufaniri kupfuura 20 MG / m³. Panguva kuwanda yakadaro kwakanaka fuma haisi akanzwa. Yatarwa yevanhu olfaction inotanga pa 37 MG / m³. Kureva, kana amoniya kwakanaka akanzwa, izvo zvinoreva kuti bvumidzwa muganhu kuenda neherikoputa kuwanikwa yekudyidzana kupfuura.

Sei muviri womunhu

Chii amoniya tichitarisa kwevanhu ekisiposha? It toxicant. Rinoreva fuma anokwanisa yokushandisa nayo cheYangon uye neurotropic chiito, inhalation chepfu izvo zvingaita kuti pulmonary edema uye kukuvara tsinga.

Amoniya vapor muchishungurudza zvainoita paganda, mucous membranes kwemaziso uye kufema zvomukati. Wevasungwa yamarudzi panguva iyo inoratidza huro nokushatiriswa iri 280 MG pa CC. mita ziso - 490 MG muzana cubic metres. mita. Zvichienderana uwandu rehydrogen mudenga nitride anogona kuitika huro kwazvo, wakatishandira kufema, vangakosora, marwadzo ziso, kunyanya lacrimation, kemikari pisa pamusoro cornea, chiratidzo kurasikirwa. Kana zviri amoniya zviri 1,5 g pa bv. mita paawa chepfu pulmonary edema hwapedyo. Pamusoro kuonana emura amoniya aro anoshanda (pamatunhu kuwanda) kubva zvichibvira ganda akatsvuka, kuvaviwa, unopfuta uye dermatitis. Sezvo liquefied nitride rukoronga absorbs kupisa panguva kwemvura zvinokwanisika frostbite siyana inegumi.

amoniya chepfu Zviratidzo

The chepfu date toxicant kungaita vasanyanye kunzwa chikumbaridzo, kuda kurutsa, dzungu, nomusoro, uye zvichingodaro. Pane kuchinja maitiro, zvikurukuru simba nokusagadzikana, delirium. Kuratidzwa Zviratidzo mune zvimwe zviitiko zviri inoratidza. Vanogona kumira kwekanguva uye ipapo tatangazve nesimba rakawedzerwa.

Kufungisisa zvose pezvingazoitika yokuwana amoniya, zvakakosha kutora patinoungana tichishanda pamwe nenhumbi uye kusapfuudza wevasungwa mudenga.